<p>Scrub Island of the British Virgin Islands in the Caribbean is a part of the Lesser Antilles, a group of islands that are young volcanic or coral islands. It is home to the Scrub Island Resort Marina and Spa.</p><br>
<p>Scrub Island Resort encompasses Marina Village and is home to all-ocean view guest rooms and suites - villas that are tucked into more private areas of the island, a 24-hour fitness center, boutique, gourmet market and dive shop. There is a marina for yachts as well as swimming pools and restaurants. Most of the island is uninhabited, allowing for quiet, relaxation and exploration.</p><br>
<p>In late 2013 the Scrub Island Resort went into bankruptcy protection in the United States, and was locked in dispute with its primary lender, FirstBank, after receivers were appointed in the British Virgin Islands in relation to unpaid loans made to the Resort. The resort emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in November 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Scrub Island Resort, Spa & Marina</h2><br>
<p>Scrub Island Resort, Spa & Marina is a luxury private island resort built in 2010 and was the first resort development to be built in the British Virgin Islands in more than 15 years. It features 52 guest accommodations as well as a collection of two-, three- and four-bedroom villas, Ixora Spa, world-class restaurants, three private beaches and a 55-slip marina. The master planned resort was designed by international architecture firm USA for Mainsail Development International.</p><br>
<p>Scrub Island is fringed by three pristine beaches that shelve gently into the Caribbean Sea. It features protected coves, nature trails and stunning scenery. Extreme care has been taken into every aspect of development to ensure protection of the island’s natural ecosystem. In fact, the island is virtually vehicle-free with resort shuttles serving as the primary form of transportation.</p><br>
<h3>Accommodations</h3><br>
<p>Scrub Island Resort accommodations consist of 26 guest rooms; 26, one- and two-bedroom suites; and a collection of hillside villas. All offer dramatic views of the Caribbean Sea. Interiors evoke a West Indies feel, furnished in tropical woods with white accents and island touches. Ocean view guest rooms – each 357-sq.-ft. room has its own private balcony or terrace offering marina and ocean views. One-bedroom ocean view suites – measuring approximately 960 sq. ft. and featuring covered verandas, the suites offer one-and-a-half baths and separate living spaces.</p><br>
<p>Two-bedroom ocean view suites – similar to one-bedroom suites, except measuring 1,614 sq. ft. and offering two bedrooms, each with a king-size bed, full bathroom and its own balcony/patio.</p><br>
<p>Hillside villas – offering 3,000 to 6,000 sq. ft of space, villas range from two to four bedrooms and offer expansive views of the Caribbean Sea. They feature large balconies and terraces as well as SubZero, Wolf and Viking appliances, enclosed rain showers and infinity-edged pools. Can accommodate up to 10 guests. Private chefs and attendants are available upon request.</p><br>
<h3>Watersports/Marina</h3><br>
<p>Scrub Island Resort’s marina offers 55 slips available for lease or transient docking, including five for mega yachts up to 170 feet. Sailing enthusiasts appreciate the area’s fair weather, constant gentle winds, and easy access to more than 60 additional nearby islands.</p><br>
<p>Scrub Island is the closest destination to the North Drop, known as the “honey spot” for tuna and world-record Blue Marlin fishing. Resort guests can book full or half-day fishing excursions complete with boat, guide and equipment. A variety of watercraft is available for group and private charters.</p><br>
<p>The shallows surrounding Scrub Island, as well as many nearby coves, bays, reefs and inlets, are ideal for snorkelers and divers. Snorkeling and diving trips may be arranged with the local diver operator located on property. Sightseeing charters may also be set up by resort hosts.</p><br>
<h3>Ixora Spa</h3><br>
<p>Named for the native tropical shrub, the Ixora Spa is perched on a hillside overlooking the sea around the Resort. The spa features antioxidant rich products crafted with natural botanicals and anti-aging formulations. Services include massage, facials, and hydrotherapy baths. Privai and L’isola are featured product lines.</p><br>
<h3>Restaurants and Dining</h3><br>
<p>The Resort features a number of restaurants.</p><br>
<p>Caravela – overlooking the marina and pool, the resort’s fine-dining restaurant specializing in steaks and seafood and serves breakfast and dinner.</p><br>
<p>Tierra! Tierra! – an outdoor grille with panoramic views of Tortola and the surrounding area open for lunch and dinner.</p><br>
<p>The Gourmet Market & Café – serves coffee, pastries, sandwiches, gourmet snack items and an assortment of wines, beer and other beverages.</p><br>
<p>One Shoe Beach Bar & Grill – located on North Beach and offers a private pool. Dining service is available and may be delivered directly to the beach.</p><br>
<h3>Bankruptcy</h3><br>
<p>On 1 November 2013 the primary lender to the development, FirstBank, sought orders of the Commercial Court in the British Virgin Islands appointing a receiver over the Resort due to the failure by the Resort to make repayments on over US$100 million of loans. The Resort did not comply with the order, but instead sought bankruptcy protection from the USA courts, and a Chapter 11 order was made on 20 November 2013. The Resort appeared to have reached an agreement with the bank in relation to the restructuring of the debts, but that agreement collapsed in acrimony in late 2014 with the bank claiming that it had been materially mislead. The resort emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in November 2015.</p><br>
<h3>Sale</h3><br>
<p>In December 2015 it was announced that the Resort would sell the larger currently undeveloped side of the island currently referred to by the Resort as Big Scrub.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Scrub Island is located approximately 74 mi east of Puerto Rico (eastern Fajardo, Puerto Rico to Scrub Island), 28 mi NE of Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas of the USA Virgin Islands, and 1.66 mi North of Trellis Bay (Trellis Bay dock and Scrub Island Marina).</p><br>
<h3>Travel to Scrub Island</h3><br>
<p>The most convenient international airport to Scrub Island is San Juan, Puerto Rico. From San Juan, guests can take a connecting flight with Liat, Cape Air, Air Sunshine or Island Birds Air Charters to Beef Island/Tortola (airport code: EIS). Scrub Island is just a seven-minute ride from Tortola via the resort’s private launch. Additional options include flights into St. Thomas with a 45-min. ferry ride to Tortola or St. Martin offering convenient connections. Scrub Island also has two heliports available to guests.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Formed by volcanic activity, Scrub Island is 8,520 ft long (1.6 miles) and made up of a total 230 acre which includes Big Scrub (170 acres) and Little Scrub (60 acres). The mountainous island highest eastern peak reaches 438 ft and the highest western peak reaches 313 ft.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Earliest inhabitants that paddled up from South America were recorded about 5000 years ago on Scrub Island. At this time, Scrub was presumably connected to Great Camanoe and Marina Cay Island because sea level was significantly lower. The first record of Territory was claimed by the Arawak Indians who had left traces of Arawak pottery around 200BC, and they were preceded by Ciboney Indians who settled in nearby St. Thomas in 300 BC.</p><br>
<p>The European discovery of the British Virgin Islands is attributed to Christopher Columbus. During his second voyage on November 2, 1493, small islands now known as the Lesser Antilles were discovered, one of which was Scrub Island. For many years after the discovery, the islands were untouched until privateers, pirates and buccaneers used the island as a haven. Concrete evidence also shows buried pirate treasures. During the early 17th century, the Dutch expressed interest in the copper mines that were discovered, but due to the Dutch’s interest in piracy and a Spanish attack, the settlement was economically unsuccessful. In 1672, the British took control. Presently, Scrub Island is occupied by Scrub Island Resort Marina and Spa which first development in the British Virgin Islands in the last 15 years.</p><br>
<p>Myus , sometimes Myous or Myos, was an ancient Greek city in Caria. It was one of twelve major settlements of the Ionian League. The city was said to have been founded by Cyaretus , a son of Codrus. Myus was located on a small peninsula at the coast of the Aegean Sea, but it now lies inland due the sediment deposited by the Maeander River over many centuries. The site of the city lies north of the modern village Avşar in the Söke district of Aydın Province, Turkey</p><br>
<p>Myus was synoikised with Miletus. Myus had both a temple of Athena and a temple of Herodotus and sources tell us that it was always secondary to Miletos. Instigated by Aristagoras of Miletus, the Ionian Revolt broke out here. It was the beginning of the Greco-Persian Wars.</p><br>
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<p>The Gilbert Millspaugh House is located on Church Street in Walden, New York, United States. It is a 2005 addition to the National Register of Historic Places, built in a Victorian style for a local man named Richard Masten. Later it was home to Gilbert Millspaugh, son of a local furniture retailer.</p><br>
<p>It is an unusual use of the Second Empire style for a small-scale cottage-style primary residence. The house retains many of its original features, such as its fireplace, mansard roof and carriage barn in the back. The latter is considered a contributing property to the house&#39;s historic character.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>It is located just south of downtown Walden on Church Street, which slopes up sharply between Orange Avenue (NY 208) and Scofield Street. Like all the other lots on Church, it is located on the west side of the street as the east is a wooded slope to Orange too steep to be buildable. The lot itself, 60 by with a variety of trees and shrubs, slopes up from the street and its flagstone sidewalk. The other houses in the neighborhood are also of late 19th century construction.</p><br>
<p>An aspahlt driveway goes to the north of the building to the outbuildings in the rear. From it a stone walkway runs diagonally to the entrance.</p><br>
<p>The house itself is two stories high, sided in clapboard three bays by three, with an exposed basement of mortared rubblestone faced in brick and mansard roof shingled in square and diamond-shaped wood. Steep stairs rise on the east (front) facade to the flat-roofed porch, detailed with chamfered posts and scroll-sawn brackets and railing to create a Picturesque effect. Above the roof is a bracketed frieze giving way to the fasciae below the bracketed cornice.</p><br>
<p>The roof&#39;s steep, nearly vertical pitch is pierced by two gabled round-topped dormer windows with louvered shutters. The top of the pitch is marked by a wood crown molding with built-in gutters.</p><br>
<p>On the north the fenestration is duplicated with a three-sided projecting bay window. The south is similar has only one dormer in the mansard. A gable-roofed wing with a small addition, both sided in clapboard. It has a bracketed cornice, fasciae and kicked eaves at the rear.</p><br>
<p>The deeply recessed entrance features paneled double doors below a recatangular transom. It opens on a side entrance hall. The house&#39;s original floor plan remains, although the functions of the rooms have changed. Original finishes include the pine flooring, wall plaster, marbleized door knobs, a marble mantel, molded wooden window trim and the turned newel post and balusters on the staircase.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was originally built for Richard Masten in 1874. There are almost no surviving records on Masten besides the loan agreement. A local contractor began the house late that year and finished it in 1875. The design likely came from a pattern book, with the</p><br>
<p>Millspaugh, son of the furniture dealer&#39;s founder, moved in 20 years later, in 1895. He stayed there for ten years. The house would remain associated with him afterwards. At some point the rear wing was built to replace the original rear porch, which had become too rotten to stand. There have been no other significant changes to the house.</p><br>
<p>Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research  is a national Norwegian R&D institute specialising in the fields of agriculture</p><br>
<p>and food production, environmental protection and natural resource</p><br>
<p>management. Furthermore, Bioforsk focuses on research-based</p><br>
<p>innovation, value creation and sustainable resource utilisation.</p><br>
<p>Bioforsk aims to be a regionally, nationally and internationally competitive</p><br>
<p>knowledge producer and service provider.</p><br>
<h2>Organisation</h2><br>
<p>Bioforsk was established on 1 January 2006, after a merger of the</p><br>
<p>Norwegian Centre for Soil and Environmental Research, the Norwegian</p><br>
<p>Institute for Crop Research and the Norwegian Centre for Organic Agriculture.</p><br>
<p>Bioforsk has a staff of about 500. Bioforsk is organised under the Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture and Food.</p><br>
<p>The institute consists of seven research divisions, a laboratory and numerous branches spread throughout the</p><br>
<p>country, thus ensuring proximity to both market and challenges. Bioforsk’s</p><br>
<p>management team and central administration are located in Ås, 30 km</p><br>
<p>south of Oslo.</p><br>
<p>The Bioforsk Plant Health and Plant Protection Division is in charge of</p><br>
<p>R&D related to plant health and plant protection. The division specialises</p><br>
<p>in the fields of plant diseases, weeds, pests, climate effects, genetics and</p><br>
<p>biotechnology. Important R&D areas include integrated plant protection,</p><br>
<p>biological pest control and pest forecasting systems. The division is</p><br>
<p>furthermore involved in such fields as agrometeorology, ecotoxicology and</p><br>
<p>risk analysis. The Plant Health and Plant Protection Centre is located in Ås.</p><br>
<p>The Bioforsk Soil and Environment Division is in charge of soil</p><br>
<p>and environmental research. The division is specialised in the</p><br>
<p>fields of soil science, soil pollution, ecotoxicology, waste management, wastewater and ecological engineering, hydrology,</p><br>
<p>water quality, land use and terrestrial climate effects. The</p><br>
<p>division’s main office is in Ås, but there is also a branch in Svanvik</p><br>
<p>in eastern Finnmark, close to the Russian and Finnish borders, with</p><br>
<p>a specific focus on environmental issues in the Barents Region. The</p><br>
<p>branch also includes the Svanhovd Conference Centre and the</p><br>
<p>Visitor’s Centre of the Øvre Pasvik National Park.</p><br>
<p>The Bioforsk Arable Crops Division is in charge of R&D related to</p><br>
<p>cereals, oilseed crops, peas, seed production, potatoes,</p><br>
<p>vegetables and herbs. The division also conducts research on such</p><br>
<p>areas as berries, forage crops, lawn grass, small livestock, organic</p><br>
<p>agriculture, precision farming and farm-based rural development</p><br>
<p>in the mountain regions. The main office is in Kapp in Hedmark County, but there are branches throughout eastern Norway, where,</p><br>
<p>due to natural conditions, most of the country’s arable crops are</p><br>
<p>grown.</p><br>
<p>The Bioforsk Horticulture and Urban Greening Division is in</p><br>
<p>charge of R&D related to fruit and berry crops, greenhouse</p><br>
<p>production of vegetables and berries, Christmas trees and cut</p><br>
<p>greens, as well as the establishment and maintenance of urban green space, including sports and amenity turf. The division also</p><br>
<p>focuses on roughage production and cultural landscape</p><br>
<p>management. The main office is in Klepp in Rogaland County, just</p><br>
<p>south of Stavanger, and there are three branches in other parts of</p><br>
<p>western Norway: two in Sogn & Fjordane and one in Hordaland.</p><br>
<p>The Bioforsk Grassland and Landscape Division is in charge of</p><br>
<p>R&D related to grassland management, roughage production and</p><br>
<p>the cultural landscape. The division, which is based at Stjørdal to</p><br>
<p>the north of Trondheim, also conducts research on cereals,</p><br>
<p>berries, vegetables, potatoes, greenhouse crops and bioenergy.</p><br>
<p>The Bioforsk Organic Food and Farming Division is a national</p><br>
<p>centre of expertise, in charge of R&D related to organic agriculture and organic food production. The division’s activities cover the entire value chain from “farm to table”. The division is</p><br>
<p>based at Tingvoll in north-western Norway (Møre og Romsdal</p><br>
<p>County).</p><br>
<p>The Bioforsk Arctic Agriculture and Land Use Division is in</p><br>
<p>charge of R&D related to Arctic agriculture and the utilisation of</p><br>
<p>wilderness and rangeland resources. The division has special</p><br>
<p>expertise in the fields of wild berry production, utilisation of</p><br>
<p>uncultivated land and freshwater fisheries. The division also has a</p><br>
<p>regional responsibility for facilitating an innovative development</p><br>
<p>of agriculture and land use in northern Norway. The main office is</p><br>
<p>in the Arctic metropolis of Tromsø, with two branches in Nordland</p><br>
<p>County (Tjøtta and Bodø).</p><br>
<p>Castell Cawr, or Tan-y-Gopa as it is known locally, is a heavily-forested hill above the town of Abergele in Conwy county borough, Wales. On it is found the Iron Age hillfort of Castell Cawr, which overlooks the River Clwyd. Rare lesser horseshoe bats inhabit caves on the hill. The woods are owned by the Woodland Trust. The hill rises to 189 m  above sea level, with extensive views to Snowdonia and the Clwydian Range.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Pennant visited the area in the 18th century, and noted the existence of the hillfort. In 1860, James Halliwell-Phillipps wrote that the outline of the hillfort was obscured by vegetation, and identified the workings of a Roman lead mine on the hillside. The Welsh knew these excavations by the name "Ffos-y-bleiddiaid" ("Ditch of the Wolves")</p><br>
<p>The New York State Armory was built in 1880 on Broadway in Newburgh, New York, United States. Designed by John A. Wood, it housed a local unit of the New York National Guard.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s the Guard moved to a newer armory on South William Street and the old building fell vacant and became property of the city. It was nearly gutted by fire in the 1970s but remained standing, an eyesore in Newburgh&#39;s Lower Broadway area.</p><br>
<p>In 1981 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places, which helped prevent its demolition. It also became one of over 2,000 contributing properties to the East End Historic District when that was added to the Register four years later.</p><br>
<p>Nothing was done to refurbish it until the late 1990s, when the city sold it to Orange County for a dollar and the countys former courthouse. The county brought in Robert Carchiettas Gemma Development to restore it. The project won the Commissioners Annual Private Sector Achievement Award from Bernadette Castro, then-commissioner of the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. The company spent $28,000 on a mahogany door for the building, which now houses the busy city office of the countys Social Services department, as well as its probation officers and the district attorney.</p><br>
<p>The county holds a 20-year lease.</p><br>
<p>Buck Island is a privately owned island of the British Virgin Islands in the Caribbean.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>A former owner had begun to build a bridge between Buck Island and the mainland of Tortola, but construction ceased when it was discovered that under British Virgin Islands law that would create a right in favour of the general public to cross the bridge and use the island&#39;s beaches. Accordingly, he stopped and the beach was never completed.</p><br>
<p>The island also has an obsolete airstrip on it, which is now in ruins.</p><br>
<p>Curiously, in the adjacent United States Virgin Islands there are two other islets which go by the name "Buck Island" - Buck Island Reef National Monument near St. Croix and Buck Island National Wildlife Refuge near St. Thomas.</p><br>
<p>It is 43 acres-wide and it has swimming-pools. , it is the world&#39;s second most expensive private island.</p><br>
<p>In 2017 the island was advertised for sale on the property website Rightmove at $30,000,000 USD.</p><br>
<p>The Cobblestone Historic District is located along state highway NY 104 in Childs, New York, United States. It comprises three buildings that exemplify the cobblestone architecture developed to a high degree in the regions of upstate New York near Lake Ontario and exported to other areas with settlers.</p><br>
<p>The buildings are in the Federal and Greek Revival styles typical of their era. Later renovations gave them some touches of styles from later in the 19th century, such as Italianate and Gothic Revival; however they remain largely intact in their original designs. They are currently owned by the Cobblestone Society, which has restored and preserved them since the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Currently the largest building, a former Universalist church that is the oldest cobblestone church in North America, is used as a museum. Another building, a school, is one of only two that use the cobblestones as an outer veneer. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark in 1993. At less than an acre in total area it is the smallest National Historic Landmark District in the state.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district consists of three buildings — a church, its parsonage and a former school building — in two separate parcels totaling 0.9 acre. Both are located along the north side of the highway just east of its junction with NY 98, three miles (4.8 km) north of Albion, the Orleans County seat, in the Town of Gaines. The terrain is generally level along Route 104, the top of the long rise of the Niagara Escarpment the former Ridge Road followed, with the land gently rising to it from both north and south. The surrounding area of the hamlet of Childs has light development, mostly residential, along the two highways near the intersection. Some of the other buildings are also of cobblestone but are not included in the district. Beyond the hamlet the area is rural, with cultivated fields and woodlots.</p><br>
<p>Immediately adjacent to a modern gas station at the northeast is the first of the two parcels, containing the church and Ward House, its onetime parsonage. The school is located approximately a half-mile (1 km) down the road to the east, on the other parcel. Between the two are other buildings, mostly houses, some of cobblestone themselves. All three buildings are contributing properties to the district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The smooth round cobblestones from the lake began to be used as a building material around 1825, in Wayne and Monroe counties to the east. The English masons who worked on the Erie Canal are believed to have pioneered the technique, borrowing from Roman building traditions still followed in Britain. Local farmers of means in the counties along the Lake Ontario shore had houses built of cobblestone in the Federal and Greek Revival architectural styles.</p><br>
<p>John Proctor, a successful real estate speculator who had made money in Massachusetts and Vermont as well as elsewhere in New York, bought the Childs area in the 1820s and planned the village, subdividing it into lots. He was determined that a church should be the focal point of the village, so he bought back the current lot and had the church built there in 1834. He owned the land on which the neighboring parsonage and the District 5 School were both built, later selling them to the church and school district respectively.</p><br>
<p>The three buildings show the evolution of cobblestone technique. The church, the oldest, uses regular field cobbles with minimal mortar decoration. The Ward House has the stones arranged in a pattern, the depressed hexagon known as the Gaines Pattern after another small community to the west along Route 104. The school, built last, uses small lake-washed stones as a veneer. It is one of only two cobblestone buildings in the state which are known to have a cobblestone veneer over wood frame.</p><br>
<p>In 1874 the church was renovated. The terrace was added outside and the inside redecorated and reconfigured so that the pews were turned around to face the new location of the pulpit in the rear, most of their doors removed, and the center gallery removed. The pews themselves, originally painted white, were grained at this time. The parsonage&#39;s original front door was replaced as well. Later the rear wing was built.</p><br>
<p>Some Americans who later became significant historical personages lived in or near the future district during the 19th century. George Pullman lived there as a teenager, learning cabinetry from his father. He worshipped at the church, which remained the main Universalist church in the area until he endowed a new one in the village of Albion near the county courthouse in 1894. Newspaper editor Horace Greeley&#39;s aunt and uncle, Benjamin and Mary Ann Woodburn Dwinnell, lived in the Ward House.</p><br>
<p>The church fell into disuse for much of the 20th century, but has hosted summer "country" services twice a year since 1971. Its tower was removed in 1919.</p><br>
<p>In 1961 the Cobblestone Society, established the year before, bought it for $129, In 1966 an architect working from photos of the original tower designed an exact copy as a replacement, and it was installed. The parsonage came into the society&#39;s possession in 1975, when Inez Martyn Ward, for whom it would be named, sold it to the society.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<h3>1834 Universalist Church</h3><br>
<p>The westernmost of the three buildings in the district, the church is a three-story Federal style building with a gabled roof, quoined at the corners and topped by a square wooden tower with corner pilasters, and wooden front pediment. The front cobblestones are more finely graded than those on the sides, with some tooling evident in the interstitial mortar. A stone terrace in front is floored in brick capped with sandstone coping. Brick also frames a marble tablet over the front door that reads: "Erected by the First Universalist Society A D 1834 GOD IS LOVE".</p><br>
<p>On the inside the lobby has stairs to the gallery, with delicate square newels topped by spherical finials, on each side. At the rear of the church is a 12 by platform with a walnut pulpit and three matching Gothic Revival pulpit chairs in front of a trompe l&#39;œil painting of an alcove. Italianate detailing is evident in the pillars and balustrade of the choir loft. The woodwork has been meticulously grained by the same local painter who did the rear wall painting.</p><br>
<h3>Ward House</h3><br>
<p>Believed to have been built around 1840 as a parsonage, it is a hipped-roofed Federal style one-story building with a raised basement giving the effect of a ground floor. The 18 by main block is sided in cobblestone applied more carefully than that on the church. On the east and west sides of the ground level the field cobbles are set in the Gaines Pattern, in which each is part of a small hexagonal box. Quoins of Medina sandstone mark the corners.</p><br>
<p>On the northwest the house has a small frame wing, sided in vertical tongue and groove, added later, with a porch on the west side. Its roof is supported with a Colonial Revival fluted column. The addition itself has a shed roof.</p><br>
<p>An Italianate door with two original stained glass windows leads into a first floor with Federal door and window casings on long, narrow Greek Revival doors. The walls are plastered directly onto the masonry. Furniture and decor reflect the 1880s.</p><br>
<h3>District 5 School</h3><br>
<p>A half-mile (1 km) east of the other two buildings, the District 5 School is the youngest, built in 1849. It is a one-and-a-half-story Greek Revival gabled building topped by an open belfry with louvered vents and domed roof at the south (front) end. Its predominately lake-washed brown cobblestones are different from the other two buildings in that they are a decorative veneer on a wood frame structure. Only one other cobblestone building in New York, another residence in Gaines, is known to use cobblestone this way. At the northwest corner some brick was used when repairs were necessary.</p><br>
<p>The cobblestones are arranged tightly, four rows per corner quoin on the front and sides and three in the rear. A sandstone water table runs around the building at floor level, above the fieldstone foundation. At the roofline is a wide wooden molded frieze with returns. The windows have plain stone trim. In the front center are two separate doors, for boys and girls, similarly treated, with small stone steps. Above them is a marble tablet reading "School District No 5 of Gaines A D 1849 Wm. J. Babbitt Esq. gratuitously superintended the erection of the building and made the district a present of the bell". It is topped with an unusual attic gable-field window.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the recessed-paneled wooden doors open into separate cloakrooms 10 feet (3.3 m) square. Both have horizontal tongue-and-groove wainscoting and plaster upper walls. The ceilings, like all in the school, are tongue-and-groove random-width plank. The boys&#39; cloakroom has the cellar door, and a rope to ring the bell.</p><br>
<p>In the classroom, the maple flooring is inclined so students in the northern portion, the rear, were sitting higher than those in the front. Its walls have a similar treatment to the cloakrooms. Original blackboards are still in place, supplemented by slate boards added to the side walls later. Behind the teacher&#39;s desk is a cupboard and niche for a clock. The heating system of two trapdoors to the ceiling operated by a rope remains as well.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The town has no special zoning to protect the district. All three buildings are property of the Cobblestone Society, founded when 60 people met at the church in 1960 to discuss how to best preserve them. In addition to the three in the district, it also runs five other buildings in the vicinity, part of the museum complex, representing life in Childs at the time the cobblestone buildings were built. It also works to preserve cobblestone buildings elsewhere in the county.</p><br>
<p>The society also operates a gift shop in the basement of the church, and gives tours. It has also made the church available for weddings. Money earned from these endeavors has helped it restore the buildings and give demonstrations of cobblestone masonry techniques.</p><br>
<p>The Carvey–Gatfield House  is a historic house located at 375 Angola Road in Cornwall, Orange County, New York.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The land was originally the property of Isaac Bobbin, an early settler, until being subdivided into the present parcel and sold to Mathias Carvey in 1805, around the time the stone house was built. The house was built in the first decade of the 19th century in the then-dominant Federal style, with two storeys, three bays and a sidehall plan. However, it also features some unique touches such as a gambrel roof, with a corresponding dormer added later. It also appears taller than it actually is due to the sloping land beneath. An original front porch that ran the width of the house was removed during the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Two of its features, a low-pitched roof on a two-story dwelling and a wide top section, suggest some connection to New England building traditions. Decorative sidelights, transom light around the entryway and brick surrounds on the front windows show the slow move from the vernacular styles of the colonial era to the Federal style of American independence, which put more emphasis on a decorative facade.</p><br>
<p>The house&#39;s interior has not been significantly altered since its construction. The original wall finishings are gone, but much of the woodwork and molding remains.</p><br>
<p>Two other buildings are located on the property: a barn, also gambrel-roofed, and a garage. The former dates to the original construction of the house and is considered a contributing resource; the latter is more contemporary and does not contribute to the historic value of the house.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Carvey had bought the property from William Robinson, two owners removed from Bobbin, to support his mill on a nearby stream. He in turn sold it to Benjamin Gatfield, in whose family it would remain for almost a century. It has been through a number of private owners since then.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 8, 1996.</p><br>
<p>The W. & L. E. Gurley Building, in Troy, New York, United States, is a classical revival structure that housed the W. & L. E. Gurley Company, a maker of precision measuring instruments, from its construction in 1862.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Julius Hanks foundry was purchased by the W. & L. E. Gurley Company in 1852, and was destroyed in the Great Troy Fire of 1862. The W. & L. E. Gurley Building was built in "an amazing feat of construction" in just 8 months to replace the previous building. Originally, the first floor space was used for retail with the third and fourth floors leased to other manufacturers. Gradually, Gurley expanded to use the entire buildings.</p><br>
<p>The company, run by William Gurley and his brother, Lewis Ephraim, were leaders in the field and published a regularly updated manual of instruments and their operations and were engaged in producing military products for the American Civil War, which included "brass fuse-plugs for naval projectiles and an improved type of brass trimming for saddle trees." and was sold again in 1993 and continues as Gurley Precision Instruments today.</p><br>
<p>The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1983. The building is currently rented by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and houses its, which moved there in 2000, and a few acoustics labs associated with the school of architecture. Gurley Precision Instruments still occupies the first floor of the building and the entire building directly across the street.</p><br>
<p>It is located on Fulton Street between 5th and Union Streets in Troy.</p><br>
<h2>Building Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is a four-story red brick building, U-shaped around a small courtyard. A foundry was at ground level on the north side of the courtyard. The building’s foundation is made of stone with brick bearing walls and cast-iron interior columns. The building’s classical revival exterior includes arched doors and windows with semicircular brick arches and hoodmoulds. Entrances are asymmetrical with the main entrance located on Fulton Street.</p><br>
<p>Originally, the first floor space was used for retail with the third and fourth floors leased to other manufacturers. Gradually, Gurley expanded to use the entire buildings.</p><br>
<h2>HAER photos</h2><br>
<p>The William H. Seward House Museum, is a circa 1816 historic home located at 33 South Street between Lincoln and William Streets in Auburn, New York, that was once the home of William H. Seward, who served as a New York state senator, the governor of New York, a USA senator, a presidential candidate, and then Secretary of State under presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964, and added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was originally built in 1816 by Judge Elijah Miller, Sewards father-in-law. The home was substantially modified by the Sewards in 1840 and again 1866 to accommodate the diplomatic entertainments expected of his offices. The original 10-room brick house was expanded to over 30 rooms, and was occupied by blood relatives until 1951. Among other notable accomplishments, Seward negotiated the 1867 purchase from Russia of Alaska, which became known as "Sewards Folly". Although he spent many years in Albany and Washington, D.C., he called this house his home from the time of his marriage in 1824 until his death. The entire house remains furnished with extensive Seward-family collections.</p><br>
<p>Tumbledown Mountain is a mountain in Franklin County, Maine. The mountain is a popular hiking spot in western Maine, with trailheads located on Byron Road in unincorporated Township 6, north of Weld. It is distinguished by an alpine pond  just below the summit. Tumbledown Mountain is also located near Coos Canyon, a mountain stream. Tumbledown offers trails of varying difficulty for different hikers.</p><br>
<h2>Less strenuous routes</h2><br>
<p>The least strenuous route to the summit is to hike to Tumbledown pond via either the Brook or Parker Ridge trails. From the pond, hikers can access the summit via the Tumbledown Ridge Trail, a fairly well marked path that leads across the mountaintop all the way from the East Peak to the West Peak. It also connects to the Loop Trail, which descends steeply back to Byron Road. Weaker hikers should avoid the Loop Trail, as it can be a very challenging hike.</p><br>
<p>Brook Trail: The Brook trail begins approximately 4.5 miles down Byron Road. It is one of the most popular routes up Tumbledown. There is a large parking area located across the road from the trailhead, along with an outhouse for public use. The trail itself initially follows an old logging road before steeply ascending the mountain to Tumbledown pond. It is roughly 2.5 miles in length and takes approximately 2 hours to hike at a brisk pace.</p><br>
<p>Parker Ridge Trail: This trail is the oldest route to the pond. It gradually rises through the woods before leading up a steep, rocky ridgeline, then down to Tumbledown Pond. In the past, to access this route, hikers had to travel into the woods on a private road called the Morgan Road, and park near a place locally known as "Tumbledown Field." Tumbledown Field and the land surrounding it is all privately owned, and hikers are no longer encouraged to use the Morgan Road. Instead, hikers can now access Parker Ridge Trail directly from the Brook Trail parking lot. It is approximately a one-mile walk to the Parker Ridge trailhead from the Brook Trail parking lot. Hikers can also access the trail leading up Little Jackson Mountain from here as well. Total distance to the pond (including the access trail) is about 3.2 miles.</p><br>
<h2>More challenging routes</h2><br>
<p>Loop Trail: The Loop Trail begins roughly 5.8 miles down the Byron Road roughly 1.5 miles beyond the Brook Trail. The trailhead is well - marked and provides a good parking area. This route is one of the most direct paths to the summit, as it rises steeply up the mountainside, eventually intersecting with the Tumbledown Ridge Trail, which provides access to the mountains peaks. The trail itself is 2 rugged miles, and provides stunning views of the Tumbledown cliffs approximately one mile in. From there, the trail rises very steeply up a gully and requires a lot of boulder scrambling. Near the end, the trail actually goes up through a fissure between several boulders, creating a steep, chimney - like passage referred to in most guidebooks and web pages as "Fat Mans misery,". There are several iron rungs to assist hikers, but you must remove your backpack in order to fit through it. This makes having a partner very helpful. Claustrophobics should not climb this trail, nor should individuals who struggle with heights. Descending this trail is extremely tough and a bit dangerous. Hikers are better off ascending the Loop Trail and descending to the pond via Tumbledown Ridge Trail. From there, you can hike back to the Byron Road via the Brook Trail. The actual "Fat Man&#39;s Misery" is downhill and to the left of "The Chimney," is poorly marked, and opens into a cliff face.</p><br>
<p>Tumbledown Chimney Trail: This trail is considered derelict and should be avoided. It leaves the Loop Trail roughly one mile in, traveling through an extremely rough boulder field. From there, the trail climbs a severely steep, smooth rock slope. Eventually, it reaches the Tumbledown Chimney, which is approximately 15 feet high and VERY steep. A hand - over - hand climb via a fixed line is required to reach the top. Although the trail is still identified in some older guidebooks, it does not appear to be maintained any longer. As Tumbledown is not regularly patrolled by rangers, hikers should realize that climbing this trail is quite risky due to its steepness. Slabs of rock regularly fall here, so please be careful. An injury can leave a hiker in serious trouble on this mountain.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, a new rope was installed at the top of the Chimney Trail. As of December 2009, it was a purple synthetic rope tied off to the second of several iron rungs at the top. The trail itself is still unmaintained and hard to follow above the cliff wall and presumably the same below.</p><br>
<p>The James Hall Office, a part of Sunshine School, is located in Lincoln Park in the city of Albany, New York, United States. It is a small brick Italianate building now annexed to a more modern school building. In 1976 it was designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>It is one of the few buildings remaining from a brief period of collaboration between Andrew Jackson Downing and Calvert Vaux. Hall, a paleontologist, led research on the geology of North America during the 19th century. He spent much of his time working in this small building, which served him as both office and laboratory. Among his many discoveries here, Hall found that the stromatolite fossils discovered at Petrified Sea Gardens, a site near Saratoga Springs, also a National Historic Landmark, were originally organic.</p><br>
<p>In the late 20th century it was expanded slightly and annexed to one of Albanys elementary schools. It served that purpose until 2011. After voters approved the school districts plan to sell it, the building and annex is pending purchase by the Boys and Girls Club of Albany.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The former office is located on the northwest corner of the building, in the southwest portion of the park. One of the parks internal access roads, to the south, provides access to a parking lot on the west. Beyond it, Morton Avenue is 300 ft (100 m) to the south. On the west is a large octagonal childrens swimming pool, basketball court and tennis courts along Delaware Avenue (USA Route 9W).</p><br>
<p>To the north is another, larger school. Eastward, the park extends for another half-mile (800 m) to Eagle Street, sloping gently down toward the Hudson River a mile (1.6 km) further to the east. The South End–Groesbeckville Historic District begins along Morton just southeast of Eagle.</p><br>
<p>The building itself is a one-story three-by-four-bay brick structure with a gently pitched front-gabled roof. A small tower is at its southeast corner, topped by a flat roof pierced by a brick chimney. On its east it is joined to the school building for the entire length. A stairway to the basement, with modern metal guardrail, is cut into the pavement at the southwest corner. It has been painted white, which has begun to fade and flake off, with green trim.</p><br>
<p>A string course of projecting brick divides the basement and first story. Windows are all set with six-over-six double-hung sash. All have simple sills of brick; the central window on the south (front) facade has a similar lintel. The main entrance is located to its east.</p><br>
<p>Above that central window is a commemorative plaque. It is topped by a pair of smaller windows, segmentally arched in splayed brick. At the roofline is a molded cornice. The tower has a stringcourse separating its top and bottom stages, with a single segmental-arched window similar to those on the south facade on each of its faces. Small brackets hold up the cornice.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A Massachusetts native, James Hall came to the Capital District to study under Amos Eaton at what is now Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) in Troy. Hall also went on field expeditions led by Ebenezer Emmons, which along with Eaton led him to choose geology as a career. After working at the RPI library following graduation, he began working with the state&#39;s newly established geological survey, which became his lifelong career.</p><br>
<p>After a groundbreaking 1843 report on the states fourth district which established him as one of the nations leading stratigraphers and paleontologists, the survey asked him to do a paleontological report on the entire state. The resulting eight-volume, 13-part report, considered an American scientific classic, was not published until 1894, four years before his death. During that time he was appointed the state geologist for not only New York but Iowa and Wisconsin as well, and the director of the New York State Museum.</p><br>
<p>His work consisted primarily of reviewing and inspecting fossil and rock samples, not just from New York but the entire country. By 1850 he had run out of storage space at his state office, so he had this building constructed for the exclusive use of himself and his assistants. Andrew Jackson Downing and his student Calvert Vaux were collaborating at the time, and designed it in the Italian villa style the former had popularized. It closely matches one drawing in Downings influential pattern book, The Architecture of Country Houses. The two architects collaboration ended with Downing&#39;s death in a steamboat accident on the Hudson in 1852, the year the building was finished. It is one of the few extant works credited to both Downing and Vaux.</p><br>
<p>In the 1880s, Hall had a house for his family built nearby. He nevertheless spent so much time working in the office, sometimes sleeping there, that he and his family grew distant. In 1885 the state insisted he work out of one of its offices; however he continued to spend a great deal of his time at the 1852 office until he died 13 years later. Its interior, essentially one large room at the time, was lined with charts, specimens and books. Off to one side was his spartan bedroom.</p><br>
<p>By 1916 the city had acquired the building. That year the geological survey had the plaque, commemorating Hall&#39;s life and work in the building, affixed. At some point during the intervening 60 years between then and its National Historic Landmark designation, it began being used as a school. It was annexed to the Sunshine School building shortly after that.</p><br>
<p>The school remained open until 2011. Shortly after it was closed, the Albany City School District agreed to sell the building to the Boys & Girls Club of Albany. The sale is still pending</p><br>
<p>King Manor, also known as the Rufus King House, is in Jamaica, Queens. It was the home of Rufus King, a signer of the United States Constitution, a Senator from New York, and Ambassador to Great Britain immediately after the American Revolution. It is located at 150th Street and Jamaica Avenue. Descendants of Kings family lived in the house until 1896 when Rufus granddaughter Cornelia King died and sold the house to the Village of Jamaica. When Jamaica, along with the western half of Queens County was annexed by New York City in 1898, the house and the property were turned over to the New York City Parks Department which re-designated the land as "Rufus King Park."</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>King Manor was originally built in the 1750s. King Manor was purchased by Rufus King from Christopher Smith in 1805; King also purchased farm and woodland, averaging a total of 90 acres for $12,000. Ever since King acquired this home, he enlarged the rooms and added to the house to be suitable for entertaining notables of that time as a country house. King lived in this manor until 1825, when he was stricken with an illness; this forced him to return to Manhattan to be cared for by his youngest son, Frederick, who was a physician. King died in 1827 and was buried beside his wife in Grace Churchyard, Jamaica. This manor was inherited by King&#39;s eldest son, John Alsop King, in 1827. Cornelia King, the youngest daughter of John Alsop King, was the last King family member to live in King Manor.</p><br>
<h2>Future and Preservation</h2><br>
<p>An Open House was held at King Manor in March 1948 as part of the citywide celebration of the city&#39;s 50th anniversary. On Monday and Wednesday during that time, classes from Queens schools and adult leaders were welcomed. Adults were invited on Tuesday and Thursday, and both children and adults were admitted on Saturday. All efforts and tasks to furnish these rooms were done by the Long Island Society of the Daughters of the Revolution, the Colonial Daughters, the Jamaica Village Society and others.</p><br>
<p>According to an article, the house was supposedly "on the way to the century mark." It is not completely known whether the "manor house" looked the same as it was in 1805 in today&#39;s era. Today, the house is picturesque and stands in the center of a square block of King Park on Jamaica Avenue. Only a few people know or care that the King Manor is a "treasure-trove of 18th century lore" and contains furniture, furnishings, books, and pictures that date back to the 18th century. The park and the house are kept painted and repaired by the City of New York. The King Manor Association, formed in 1900, strove to "foster patriotism and good citizenship" by caring for the manor and collecting historical items there.</p><br>
<p>Although it is owned by the City of New York, King Manor is maintained by the parks Department and its interior furnishings are supervised by volunteers of the King Manor Association of Long Island, Inc. Restoration of the Manor was completed in the spring of 1965 and was open then.</p><br>
<h2>Celebration</h2><br>
<p>In March 1987, the City of Queens celebrated the Constitutions bicentennial Tuesday with a parade of children and when city officials marked the 232nd birthday of Rufus King, a founding father. The city inaugurated a $1.4 million project to restore Kings 18th Century Manor home. Mayor Edward I. Koch described this project as a "birthday present to Rufus King." The parade went 3 blocks from King Manor to the Grace Episcopal Church, where King is buried.</p><br>
<h2>Description of the Interior</h2><br>
<p>The manor contains a library, which is one of the most interesting rooms in the house. This library contains three built-in floor to ceiling bookcases The shelves hold books and senate records that belonged to John Alsop King and other such books. There is also an old leather horse-hair sofa under the west window that belonged to Rufus King. In 1897, the house and ground were bought by the Village of Jamaica to be used as a park, and later a city park.</p><br>
<p>The Willard Memorial Chapel and the adjoining Welch Memorial Hall are located in Auburn, Cayuga County, New York state.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The chapel and hall were designed by Warner & Brockett of Rochester, New York. They feature the stained-glass windows and interior decoration of Louis Comfort Tiffany. They are the last surviving complete installation by Tiffany in its original location.</p><br>
<p>The chapel was built between 1892 and 1894 in memory of Dr. Sylvester Willard and his wife, Jane Frances Case Willard. Funding was provided by their daughters, Caroline and Georgiana. The chapel was a part of the former Auburn Theological Seminary.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>They were declared a National Historic Landmark in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>The Kate Mullany House was the home of Kate Mullany , an early female labor leader who started the all-women Collar Laundry Union in Troy, New York in February 1864. It was one of the first women&#39;s unions that lasted longer than the resolution of a specific issue.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1998. It is now a National Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>It is located at 350 8th Street in Troy, just off NY 7 one empty lot east of the Collar City Bridge.</p><br>
<h2>Designation as a National Historic Site</h2><br>
<p>Then First Lady Hillary Clinton toured the house in 2000, and named it as a "treasure". Senator Daniel P. Moynihan had introduced a bill to designate the home as a National Historic Site, but the bill had languished in the United States Senate.</p><br>
<p>Senator Clinton took up the bill in January 2001 when Moynhian retired, and she advocated for the home. There were hearings on the bill, and the Congressional Budget Office undertook an official budget analysis for the United States Congress. The bill was co-sponsored by Senator Clinton and Representative Mike McNulty, supported by organized labor, and passed both houses of Congress.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition of the house</h2><br>
<p>The Kate Mullany House is recognized by a number of government agencies and charities as an important historic site. Both the house, and Kate Mullanys grave, are preserved as historic sites by an affiliate of the Federal government. Wiawaka, a womens camp in Lake George, New York, has memorialized the house. The New York State Senate honored the house and its most famous resident for Womens History Month in March 2007. The house is also on the New York Womens Heritage Trail.</p><br>
<p>The Craigieburn Range forms part of the Southern Alps in New Zealand&#39;s South Island. The range is located on the south banks of the Waimakariri River, south of Arthur&#39;s Pass and west of State Highway 73. The Craigieburn locality is adjacent to the Craigieburn Forest Park.</p><br>
<p>There are a number of named peaks located within the Craigieburn Range (north to south):</p><br>
<p>Baldy Hill 1,834 m</p><br>
<p>Hamilton Peak 1,922 m</p><br>
<p>Nervous Knob 1,820 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Wall 1,874 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Cockayne 1,874 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Cheeseman 2,031 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Olympus 2,094 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Izard 2,019 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Cloudesley 2,107 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Enys 2,194 m</p><br>
<p>Carn Brea 2,090 m</p><br>
<p>Blue Hill 1,946 m</p><br>
<p>The Craigieburn Valley Ski Area is located east of Hamilton Peak. The Broken River Ski Area is located east of Nervous Knob, and north of Mount Wall. A third ski field, Mount Cheeseman, is located east of Mount Cockayne and north of the mountain from which it took its name. All three ski fields are accessible from State Highway 73. A fourth ski field, Mount Olympus Ski Area, is accessible via Windwhistle.</p><br>
<p>The Downtown New London Historic District, also known as the Waterfront Historic District, refers to 78 acre with 223 contributing buildings along the waterfront of New London, Connecticut, an area roughly bounded by State Street , to the northeast, Bank Street to the southeast, Tilley Street to the southwest, and Washington Street to the northwest. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places  in 1979, with 190 buildings and 60 acre. The district was expanded in 1988 to include Huntington, Washington and Jay Streets, the southwest corner of Meridian Street and Governor Winthrop Boulevard, and along Bank Street to Spar Yard Street, which added 18 acre and 33 buildings to the historic district.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<h3>Bank Street</h3><br>
<p>Running immediately along the Thames River is the area known as "The Bank", referring to the bank of the river. Once dominated by fishing wharves and tall ships, Bank Street is one of New London&#39;s oldest sections. After the burning of New London by the British under the command of Benedict Arnold in 1781, the waterfront was rebuilt and the roadway raised to accommodate additional development and larger ships. The bank is now home to a number of restaurants, cafes and boutiques, and is dotted with a handful of 18th-century structures, including:</p><br>
<p>the Shaw Mansion, built in 1753, which served as Connecticut Navy Headquarters during the American Revolution, separately listed on the NRHP and within the district but not part of it</p><br>
<p>Bukeley House, built in 1796; the owner of this house served with John Paul Jones</p><br>
<p>Bank Street also includes 19th-century buildings, including:</p><br>
<p>New London Customhouse, built in 1833, the oldest such building continuously operated in the United States, separately designated to the NRHP and not part of the District</p><br>
<p>the Brown House at 258 Bank Street at the intersection of Tilley Street, built in 1833 in the Federal/Greek Revival style for Benjamin Brown, to be his home and office. The house used the same materials as the Custom House, including granite quarried from the ledge behind the house</p><br>
<p>the site of the events surrounding the slave ship La Amistad.</p><br>
<h3>State Street</h3><br>
<p>Running east-west through the District from Huntington Street to Water Street is State Street, lined with 19th-century buildings. Notable exceptions are the 1787 New London County Courthouse at the head of State Street, which was separately designated to the NRHP and is not part of the District, and the 1740 Timothy Green printing studio off State and Green Streets. At one time the Nathan Hale School House built in 1774 was located on State Street, but it has been moved to Atlantic Street north of the Soldiers and Sailors Monument.</p><br>
<p>State Street is also the location of a number of notable buildings, such as:</p><br>
<p>Leopold Eidlitz&#39;s First Church of Christ (Congregational), a Greek Revival structure built in 1850, located at the corner of State and Union Streets</p><br>
<p>the 1856 First Baptist Church at 268 State Street, designed in the Italianate style by W. T. Hallet</p><br>
<p>Eidlitz&#39;s Romanesque Revival Harris Place (1885), a mixed-use building which housed office, eight luxury apartments, and the Hislop, Porteus & Mitchell department store; located at 159 State Street</p><br>
<p>Lyric Hall (1898) at 243 State Street, designed by James Sweeney, which had a small theater used for lectures and music and dance recitals</p><br>
<p>Ewing and Chappell&#39;s 1905 Thames Club at 290 State Street</p><br>
<p>James Sweeney&#39;s Beaux-Arts New London Municipal Building (1912) at 181 State Street</p><br>
<p>The 1930 Greek Revival bank building at 250 State Street</p><br>
<p>Also on State Street, at the corner of Huntington Street, is the New London Public Library, built in 1889-92 and designed by Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge in the Richardsonian Romanesque style, which was separately designated to the NRHP, and is not part of the District.</p><br>
<p>Green Street is also part of the downtown historic area, just off State. Laid out officially in 1787, many of the buildings in this neighborhood date from 1760-1792 and survived the torch of Benedict Arnold. Eugene ONeills favorite watering spot, The Dutch (Dutch&#39;s Tavern) is here, housed in a 1760 building. The home at 79 Green, dating to around 1801, is known as The Richard Douglass House a veteran of the American Revolution and still a private residence.</p><br>
<p>Also in the immediate area is the Starr Street District - a group of row houses built in the first two decades of the 1800s.</p><br>
<p>The New London Railroad Station is also within the physical confines of the district, but not part of it. Like the Courthouse, Customhouse and Public Library, it was separately listed on the NRHP.</p><br>
<p>The nature reserve of Schlangenberg which means snake-mountain is located in the west of Germany close to the Dutch and Belgian border. The reserve is near the village Breinigerberg, 15 kilometres from Aachen or 7 kilometres distant from the city of Stolberg . Schlangenberg itself is a small hill peaking 276 m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The 108 hectares large area is famous for its calamine flora.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The soil of the nature reserve is basically limestone which was precipitated about 400 million years ago by an ancient ocean. In the following million years geological movements carried it to the surface where erosion removed large amounts. About 200 million years ago aqueous metal solutions filled the cavernous rocks. Primary ores were created mostly consisting of Sphalerite, Marcasite and Galena. The process continued and the ore close to the surface decomposed due to the influence of carbon dioxide and water. In this process as a secondary ore calamine ZnCO3 which is known as calamine developed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Presumably the Celts had been the first digging for the calamine in the region. Ancient Celtic and Roman coins dated between 100 BC and 92/93 AD as well as remains of a Roman settlement proved the interest in the ore which was mostly used for weapons and vessels.</p><br>
<p>The greatest interest in calamine had been in the 18th century when brass manufactures settled in Stolberg (Rhineland). For the production of the alloy they needed large amounts of calamine which was melted together with copper.</p><br>
<p>Before 1800 digging small reaching only surface based ore was the only technique available to the miners. In the 19th century mining changed and more than 20 adits enabled the workers to reach calamine up to 105 m below the surface. During this time the Schlangenberg-area was perforated like a Swiss cheese. More than 700 miners worked at the mining shafts. During this time calamine was spread in the whole area and the poisonous metals zinc and lead contaminated large areas.</p><br>
<p>In 1871 the Franco-prussian war stopped working on the ore fields and after an attempted restart mining was given up 1883. A renaturation of the Schlangenberg was never attempted. For many years it was even used by the military for their maneuvers.</p><br>
<p>Nature regained control of the Schlangenberg and in 1990 the Schlangenberg Nature Reserve was founded to protect the unique calamine flora and fauna from destruction.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>The soil of the nature reserve contains large amounts of calamine, poisonous for most plants. Only specialist plants are able to grow under these conditions. Therefore, the flora is unique to calamine and can only be found in a few other areas worldwide.</p><br>
<p>The most typical plants are Viola calaminaria and Thlaspi calaminare. Many tourists visit the reserve for these flowers each year.</p><br>
<p>Beside these plants other specialists found on the toxic floor are: Armeria maritima ssp. elongata, Festuca aquisgranensis, Silene vulgaris ssp. humilis or Minuartia verna ssp. hercynica.</p><br>
<p>On some hidden parts of the reserve orchids like the dark red helleborine (Epipactis atrorubens) the fly orchid (Ophrys insectifera) and many others grow year by year.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The Schlangenberg reserve is famous for its butterflies. More than 300 different kinds have been found there. Some have specialist on calamine resistant plants. Endangered locusts like the wart-biters belong to the important animals.</p><br>
<p>The Coronella austriaca that give the Schlangenberg its name (snake-mountain) can occasionally be found in the reserve.</p><br>
<p>The woodlark, an endangered species in Germany, as well as the red-backed shrike live in the reserve in large quantities.</p><br>
<p>The Biologischen Station im Kreis Aachen e. V. a governmental group of environmental specialists has tried to resettle the yellow-bellied toad.</p><br>
<h2>Threats to the nature reserve</h2><br>
<p>Although the toxic ground prevents most plants from growing in this area some seems to be resistant to the poison. Pines would destroy most of the nature reserve within a short time and the Biologischen Station im Kreis Aachen e. V. together with volunteers spent a lot of time cutting pines and reducing their numbers.</p><br>
<p>The attractive flora and fauna also causes problems as the visitors of the nature reserve destroy al lot by leaving the hiking trails.</p><br>
<p>To deliver further information to the interested visitors a local group had founded a museum presenting detailed information about the Schlangenberg, its past as a mining area, exhibits of animals and flowers as well as plenty of photos.</p><br>
<p>Stayley Hall, also known as Staley Hall, is a Grade II* Listed Building in Stalybridge, Greater Manchester. The structure dates back to at least the early 15th century. The first records of the de Stavelegh family as Lords of the Manor of Staley date from the early 13th century. Stayley Hall was their residence</p><br>
<p>Stayley Hall is referred to in the diaries of Sir Ralph Staley (Stavelegh) in the early 15th century. The hall was originally timber framed, but was stone-clad during the 17th century. It is situated on a knoll making defence of the building a relatively easy affair. The external walls and the roofing slabs are made from locally quarried gritstone. The inside of the building has been altered as parts of it were let as cottage tenements and the plaster has fallen off showing the original lattices of wicker work and clay daub. Part of the staircase still remained in 1871 although the floor was dilapidated even then.</p><br>
<p>Sir Ralph Staley had no male heirs and after his death his daughter, Elizabeth Staley, married Sir Thomas Assheton, uniting the manors of Ashton and Staley. Elizabeth and Thomas had no sons. Margaret, the eldest of their two daughters married Sir William Booth of Dunham Massey The younger daughter Elizabeth was widowed and without children. She continued to live at Stayley Hall until her death in 1553. In her will she left her share of the lordships of Ashton and Staley to the Booths.</p><br>
<p>The hall remained in the possession of the Booth family until the death of George Booth, 2nd Earl of Warrington on 2 August 1758. Upon his death, the Earldom of Warrington became extinct. His only daughter, Lady Mary Booth, who was the wife of Harry Grey, 4th Earl of Stamford, inherited all the Booth estates. The hall was then owned by the Grey family until the extinction of the Earldom of Stamford on the death of Roger Grey, 10th Earl of Stamford in 1976.</p><br>
<p>John Wesley visited Stayley Hall in 1745 and a commemorative stone tablet was placed on the Hall&#39;s wall around the time of the visit.</p><br>
<p>In 2004 the Metropolitan Borough Council announced that they had granted permission to a developer to build 16 homes next to Stayley Hall. A condition of the planning consent was that the hall be restored. The developer has converted the hall and outbuildings into houses and apartments, most of which are now occupied.</p><br>
<p>Stob a&#39; Choire Odhair is a Scottish mountain situated eight kilometres north west of Bridge of Orchy on the border of the Argyll and Bute and Highland council areas.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Stob a Choire Odhair reaches a height of 945 m and is classed as a Munro and a Marilyn is an unpretentious mountain that is overshadowed by its near neighbour Stob Ghabhar, one of the finest mountains in the southern highlands. It stands in the Black Mount deer forest, an area that derives its name from the dark peat hags of the moorland that surround the mountain. Stob a Choire Odhair along with Stob Ghabhar are well seen from the A82 road as it crosses the western end of Rannoch Moor and they are often climbed together and make a natural days walk. The hills name translates from the Gaelic as “Peak of the dun-coloured corrie”.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Stob a Choire Odhairs summit stands at the meeting of three ridges. Its western ridge links to the Munro of Stob Ghabhar which lies three kilometres away via a col with a height of 668 metres. The north eastern ridge drops very steeply to the moorland of the Black mount and Rannoch Moor. The south eastern ridge links to the mountains subsidiary peak of Beinn Toaig (834 metres) via a col with a height of 802 metres. Beinn Toaig also has a long NE ridge which runs parallel to the one of Stob a&#39; Choire Odhair. There are two corries either side of the 802 metre col, to the north is Coire Odhair while to the south of the col is Coire Toaig which has a very good stalkers track up it which leads directly to the main summit.</p><br>
<h2>Historic roads</h2><br>
<p>The lower eastern slopes of Stob a Choire Odhair carries two old roads which were important historical links to the north of Scotland. An old military road built by Major William Caulfeild was constructed in the early 1750s as part of the pacification of the Highlands after the 1745 Jacobite rising. Slightly further east is the line of an ancient drovers road used to herd cattle to market, this road was improved by Thomas Telford in 1803 and carried the main road down Glen Coe to Fort William until 1933 when the present road was built further east. Telford’s road now carries the route of the West Highland Way.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Stob a&#39; Choire Odhair is usually climbed in conjunction with the adjacent Munro of Stob Ghabhar, the starting point for this walk is Victoria Bridge at the western end of Loch Tulla at grid reference. The direct route from here utilises the very good zig zag stalkers path up Coire Toaig directly to the summit. The ascent of the mountain can also be included in the Clachlet Traverse, a high level route from the Inveroran Hotel near Bridge of Orchy to the Kings House Hotel in Glen Coe. Despite having less height than its neighbour Stob Ghabhar it is the better viewpoint offering an extensive prospect across Rannoch Moor and the Bridge of Orchy Munros.</p><br>
<p>The Church in Trzęsacz refers to a series of three churches built in Trzęsacz, Poland. The first, constructed of wood, was reportedly built in 1124; the second one, made of bricks, around 1270; and finally the third one, sometime in the late 14th or early 15th century. At that time, it was located almost two kilometers from the sea . Furthermore, north of Trzęsacz there was another village, which had completely been taken over by water. Originally, the church was Roman Catholic, but in the early 16th century, after the Reformation, it became Protestant. According to some chronicles, it was the third Christian temple in Pomerania.</p><br>
<h2>Abrasion</h2><br>
<p>Over time, the process of abrasion (more generally known as erosion) caused the land surrounding the church to recede at the expense of the Baltic Sea. Year by year, water would come closer; in 1750 the sea was as close as 58 meters, in 1771 parts of the cemetery were swallowed, and 1820 the distance shrank to 13 meters. Finally, on August 2, 1874, the last service took place in the temple. Afterwards, all furnishings were transported to the cathedral in Kamień Pomorski, with the exception of the triptych, which is now kept in a church in Rewal. By 1885 the temple stood over a chasm and, with permission of the Prussian government, it was deprived of the roof and left abandoned.</p><br>
<p>On the night of April 8–9, 1901 the most vulnerable, northern wall of the church collapsed. During the following years, part by part, most of the construction was swallowed by the sea, which mercilessly moves south, taking away the land. The last drop took place on February 1, 1994, when part of the southern wall collapsed.</p><br>
<p>According to scientists, since the turn of the 19th century the sea has taken around 40 centimeters of land a year. Over time, local governments &ndash; both Prussian and (after 1945) Polish &ndash; tried to save the temple with fascine and concrete blocks, but all attempts were unsuccessful. Currently, intensive works are taking place to save the ruin, as this is the only one of its kind in Europe. One of the projects stated that the last remains of the wall should be moved southwards, further away from the sea, but the risk of complete collapse of the ruin was too high.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<h3>Polish</h3><br>
<p>http://www.kroki.ps.pl/miejsca/trzesacz.php</p><br>
<h3>German</h3><br>
<p>Orchid "Island", Florida is located in Indian River County, Florida, and is part of part of an Atlantic coastal barrier island known as North Hutchinson Island . The island is separated from the mainland on the west by the Indian River Lagoon. The entire island is known for beautiful beaches, several restaurants, shops, wildlife preserves and parks.</p><br>
<h2>Main Roads</h2><br>
<p>The principal north-south road on the island is State Road A1A which runs the entire length of North Hutchinson Island. It is called South A-1-A from Beachland Boulevard south and North A-1-A north of Beachland Boulevard.</p><br>
<h2>South Beach CDP</h2><br>
<p>The area from the southern county lineVero Beach South Beach CDP or census-designated place.</p><br>
<h3>Sites of Interest</h3><br>
<p>County-maintained Round Island Park abuts the county line on the south and runs from the ocean to the river.</p><br>
<h2>Vero Beach</h2><br>
<p>The City of Vero Beach lies on both sides of the Indian River, with its main business and residential areas on the mainland. Two of the islands bridges from the mainland lie within the city limits. The Riomar Country Club built in the 1920s set the tone for residential development on the island. The City of Vero Beach adopted stringent planning and zoning regulation to support the areas natural beauty.</p><br>
<h3>Sites of interest</h3><br>
<p>Riverside Park at the foot of the New Merrill Barber Bridge is the location of the Vero Beach Art Museum, the Riverside Theatre and the Riverside Children&#39;s Theatre.</p><br>
<p>Driftwood Inn and Restaurant, listed on the National Register of Historic Places is at Sexton Park on the ocean.</p><br>
<h2>Town of Indian River Shores</h2><br>
<p>The town of Indian River Shores borders the City of Vero Beach on the south and the Wabasso Beach CDP on the north.</p><br>
<h3>John's Island</h3><br>
<p>John&#39;s "Island" is community on 1,650 acre within the Town of Indian River Shores.</p><br>
<h2>Wabasso Beach CDP</h2><br>
<p>Wabasso Beach is a CDP or census-designated place lying north of the Town of Indian River Shores and south of the Town of Orchid and is centered around the intersection of North A-1-A and Wabasso Road, which comes across the Wabasso Bridge from the mainland. County-maintained Wabasso Beach Park is located just east of this intersection.</p><br>
<h3>Sites of interest</h3><br>
<p>Disney&#39;s Vero Beach Resort is located in Wabasso Beach.</p><br>
<h2>Town of Orchid</h2><br>
<p>The Town of Orchid lies north of the Wabasso Beach CDP and is mainly to the north of Wabasso Road (SR 510) and now consists primarily of the Orchid Island Golf and Beach Club, although it was originally incorporated by the grove owners located in the area and covered somewhat different lands. The town does have some territory on the Atlantic.</p><br>
<h2>North Beach CDP</h2><br>
<p>A portion of the unincorporated area is in the Windsor CDP, or census-designated place.</p><br>
<h3>Sites of interest</h3><br>
<p>McLarty Treasure Museum at Sebastian Inlet State Park</p><br>
<p>Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge is located in the Indian River Lagoon west of North Beach CDP.</p><br>
<p>Sebastian Fishing Museum</p><br>
<p>Sebastian Inlet State Park is located on the north end and extends across the Sebastian Inlet into Brevard County.</p><br>
<h2>Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge</h2><br>
<p>The Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge established for the protection of sea turtles extends from Wabasso Beach on Orchid Island north along the coast to Melbourne Beach</p><br>
<p>The John Brown Farm State Historic Site includes the home and final resting place of abolitionist John Brown. It is located on John Brown Road in North Elba near Lake Placid, New York, where John Brown moved in 1849 to lead freed slaves in farming. In 1855, he moved to Kansas to support his sons&#39; efforts to keep Kansas as a free-state under the popular sovereignty laws, leaving his wife and several of his children behind. Brown returned to visit his family at Lake Placid several times. In 1859, Brown attempted to start a liberation movement among enslaved African Americans by seizing the arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia . For this, he was tried for treason against the state of Virginia and was hanged.</p><br>
<p>The entire property purchased by John Brown and two sons in 1849 is preserved intact. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Radeau Land Tortoise  is the Lake George site of a shipwreck from the French and Indian Wars era. The vessel is a radeau. Simple in construction, it was built by Capt. Samuel Cobb of Falmouth, now Portland, Province of Maine for the British and Colonial forces in 1758 to help combat the French in North America. She was built in just over a month, launched, tested  and then two days later intentionally sunk by adding ballast with plans to re-float her in the spring of 1759. This plan was never fulfilled, however, leaving the Land Tortoise at the bottom of Lake George for more than two centuries. It is believed to be the oldest intact warship in North America, and is the only surviving ship of its type. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1998. The site is accessible to the general diving public.</p><br>
<p>The Louis Armstrong House was the home of Louis Armstrong and his wife Lucille Wilson from 1943 until his death in 1971. Lucille gave ownership of it to the city of New York in order to create a museum focused on her husband. It was designated a New York City Landmark in 1988 and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<p>It is located at 34-56 107th Street near 37th Avenue, in Corona, Queens, New York City. The house is now a museum that presents concerts and educational programs, operates as a historic house museum and makes materials in its archives of writings, books, recordings and memorabilia available to the public for research.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The Louis Armstrong Educational Foundation gave the house to the Department of Culture Affairs after Lucille Armstrong died in 1983. This brick house was designed by architect Robert W. Johnson and built by Thomas Daly in 1910. Some changes were made to the exterior and interior of the house when the Armstrongs moved in. The porch that was once in the front of the house was taken down and the space was added to the living room. For the exterior of the house the garden was assembled and the garage was constructed by the Armstrong&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>In addition the interior of the house was renovated to their taste. Ornate bathrooms, and the kitchen was not originally part of the house. Paintings and souvenirs were given to Louis Armstrong on tour from Asia, Europe to Africa. These have found a home of their own on dressers, night stands, shelves and walls.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural Influence</h2><br>
<p>Throughout Louis Armstrong&#39;s life he had joined and created musical groups until he started playing solo. Jazz was played in the arrangement of an orchestra, or ensemble where no one had a longer solo than the other. Armstrong was versatile in using different techniques in jazz to the extent that he shaped many musicians from his time till this day. His swing and scat singing not only became popular around the world, but changed the way music was danced as well.</p><br>
<h2>Political Significance</h2><br>
<p>Racism was a problem that everyone knew the U.S had, and the government would send African American artists, athletes and musicians to other countries in order to challenge this belief. When Armstrong found out about the Little Rock Nine incident where nine black students were blocked and prevented from entering an all-white school he spoke up. Moved by anger Armstrong refused to play in the Soviet Union, and as a result increased the amount of activities in the civil rights movement. Furthermore, he insulted President Eisenhower. While Armstrong played an important role in 20th century cultural music by performing around the world, he was also a significant political figure who had America think twice about racism.</p><br>
<p>Montgomery Place, now Bard College: The Montgomery Place Campus, near Barrytown, New York, United States, is an early 19th-century estate that has been designated a National Historic Landmark. It is also a contributing property to the Hudson River Historic District, itself a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>It is a Federal-style house, with expansion designed by architect Alexander Jackson Davis. It reflects the tastes of a younger, post-Revolutionary generation of wealthy landowners in the Livingston family who were beginning to be influenced by French trends in home design, moving beyond the strictly English models exemplified by Clermont Manor a short distance up the Hudson River. It is the only Hudson Valley estate house from this era that survives intact, and Davis&#39;s only surviving neoclassical country house.</p><br>
<p>Andrew Jackson Downing praised the landscapes of the estate, work he had informally consulted on that was not completed in its final form until almost the mid-20th century. The southern 70 acre of the estate, which he called the Wilderness and is today known as the South Woods, is the oldest oak forest in the Hudson Valley. It has grown to 380 acre, and includes many outbuildings. A network of trails and paths connects them and offers both quiet wooded tracts and views of the river and Catskill Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The estate was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. Ten years later, the Livingston descendants sold it to Historic Hudson Valley, a regional historic preservation group. The district was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1990, and Montgomery Place received that designation itself in 1992. In January 2016, Bard College purchased the estate from Historic Hudson Valley. Montgomery Place is located on Annandale Road near Barrytown, just off NY 9G. Montgomery Place grounds are open from dawn to dusk year-round. Mansion tours are available seasonally.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The estate is bounded on the east by Annandale Road, on the north by the Saw Kill and the west by the river. A tree-lined driveway from the road leads west to a visitor center and parking lot next to an orchard. From there it is short walk through a grove of trees to an open lawn in front of the main house, atop a bluff overlooking the river and the Catskill Escarpment across it in the distance.</p><br>
<p>Five of the 22 buildings, structures and sites identified on the estate have been listed as contributing resources to its historic character. These are the main house, three other Davis-designed buildings and the surviving landscaping.</p><br>
<h3>Main house</h3><br>
<p>The house itself is a two-and-half-story five-by-four-bay building sided in stucco over rubble stone, with two frame wings on the north and south. The latter was originally sanded to give it a stonier appearance. A veranda is on the west (rear) elevation. The metallic hipped roof is pierced by two pairs of brick chimneys on the sides.</p><br>
<p>All facades are heavily decorated. Swags are on all four chimneys, and balustrades rim most of the roof lines. A central pier on the east above the main entrance is topped with an urn, flanked by wreathed balustrades, a cornice and frieze with triglyphs and metope-ornamented medallions. The double-doored main entrance is flanked by pilasters and topped with a fanlight and ornate keystone. It is sheltered by a semicircular portico supported by fluted Corinthian columns.</p><br>
<p>A similar portico adorns the rear, with its balustrade also topped by urns. On the wings flat pilasters support a frieze, with columns on the semi octagonal south wing creating an arcade.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance leads into a rectangular hall with doors leading to the two parlors on either side. It is partly divided by a segmental arch supported by two tapered wooden columns. The library is to the north, with a stair hallway on the south. Much of the decorative woodwork is original.</p><br>
<h3>Outbuildings</h3><br>
<p>Five outbuildings, most of them built around a garden, are in the nearest cluster, south and southwest of the main house. These include the shingle-sided Lodge and its board-and-batten shed, the clapboard-sided Court, a wrought iron greenhouse, and the coach house. This last building is the only outbuilding visible from the main house. It is a flushboard-sided one-and-a-half-story frame house with cross-gabled roof topped by a polygonal cupola. Pilasters mark the corners as well as the flanks of the main building. The interior contains much of the original woodwork.</p><br>
<p>To the east, close to the road, is the barn complex. It consists of an 1861 barn along with frame structures like the farm office and storage sheds, along with an octagonal stone reservoir building. The board-and-batten farmhouse features a cross-gabled roof and a triple Palladian-style window on the rear.</p><br>
<p>A group of cottages is located just downhill from the farmhouse. Most are simple frame structures, but one, the Swiss Cottage, was designed by Davis. It features a low-sloping truncated-gabled roof with vergeboard on the roofline and balconies on the rear. The Thompson House also has a dentilled and bracketed cornice.</p><br>
<p>There are some other isolated outbuildings elsewhere, mostly modern, such as the visitors&#39; center. A cement power station is at the creek mouth, with dams. Some small 20th century cottages are scattered in the orchards. Some buildings described by past visitors to the estate, such as the conservatory, are no longer extant.</p><br>
<h3>Landscapes</h3><br>
<p>The north and south sections of the property, known as the North and South Woods, remain heavily wooded. The South Woods, approximately 70 acre in size, is the oldest oak forest in the Hudson Valley. The North Woods slopes down to the ravine the Saw Kill flows through. Winding paths and trails lead through both wooded tracts. In the North Woods they lead to a waterfall; in the South Woods to the river&#39;s edge.</p><br>
<p>On the east are the property&#39;s orchards, leased and operated by Montgomery Place Orchards. On the farm, over 60 different varieties of apple and pear trees are planted and harvested as well as berries, vegetables, grapes and peaches. Annandale Atomic hard cider is also now produced on the farm from early American and English varietal apples. The produce is sold at the market. Black locust trees line the 0.5 mi unpaved allée and surround the lawn of the main house. The lawn on the west of the house slopes down to a reflecting pond at the edge of the wooded shore.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Archaeological investigations on the property have revealed evidence of Native American use as a seasonal hunting ground at least 5,000 years ago. These investigations have continued and the area&#39;s historic designation reflects its potential in this area as well.</p><br>
<p>After European settlement in the 18th century, the Saw Kill was used for various mills. Janet Livingston Montgomery purchased 242 acre in the late 1770s, shortly after the death of her husband, General Richard Montgomery, at the Battle of Quebec. The couple had been living in nearby Rhinebeck at the time, where they were building their Grasmere estate, and she moved into that after the Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<p>She had plans for a Federal style mansion on the riverfront property drawn up and hired a local builder. Naming the house Chateau de Montgomery after her late husband, she moved in after it was completed in 1805. With tree samples her friends sent her from many places near and distant, she established a working farm on the property, employing many slaves and freemen. She lived there until her death in 1828, when the property was bequeathed to her brother.</p><br>
<p>Edward Livingston had summered there with his wife Louise while he was living in Louisiana, where he had moved after a scandal cost him his jobs as USA Attorney for New York and mayor of the city. He had returned to New York and was serving in the House when his sister died. Subsequently, he was chosen a Senator and later became the 11th Secretary of State, then as ambassador to France before leaving public service in 1835. They renamed the estate Montgomery Place.</p><br>
<p>He died the next year, leaving the house to his wife Louise. In 1844 she hired Alexander Jackson Davis to convert the stately mansion into a more ornate villa, in keeping with the eras emerging Romantic sensibilities. The two wings and exterior decoration were added at this time. A colonnade on the front entry, the only ornament on the original house, was moved to the interior, one of the only changes to Janet Livingstons original plan.</p><br>
<p>With the informal help of Andrew Jackson Downing, a friend of Louise&#39;s and mentor to Davis, she began developing the landscapes. Her daughter Cora Barton worked with the architect on designing a garden and conservatory. Davis also drew up plans for outbuildings on the estate.</p><br>
<p>In 1860, upon Louise&#39;s death, Cora and her husband hired Davis again to actually build some of the earlier outbuildings. These were the Coach House, Swiss Cottage and farmhouse. They also extended the landscaping. These were part of their overall intent to make the house and its "pleasure grounds" more separate and distinct from the farming operations, which they also began to reduce in scope.</p><br>
<p>From Cora&#39;s relatives it eventually passed to another Livingston descendant, John Ross Delafield, in 1921. He added modern heating and plumbing to the main house. He and his wife, Violetta White Delafield, made the last major additions to the property by extending the landscaping and adding small gardens to it in the years before World War II.</p><br>
<p>After his death in 1964, his son John White Delafield and his wife moved in. They established two corporations to own and operate the property. In 1975 it was listed on the Register. Eleven years later it was sold for $3 million to</p><br>
<p>Sleepy Hollow Restorations, which later renamed itself Historic Hudson Valley. After a five-year and $3 million restoration, the house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Bard College purchased the property in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Aesthetics</h2><br>
<p>Janet Livingstons original home reflected the tastes of its era. She and her family derived most of their wealth and prestige from agriculture, leasing lands to tenant farmers. Accordingly, their own homes often sat on high ground where they could view their holdings, which in the Livingston familys case included, at that time, portions of the Catskills across the river. The rectilinear forms of the Federal and Greek Revival styles established their authority and dominance of the land.</p><br>
<p>In the second quarter of the 19th century this began to change. Andrew Jackson Downing of nearby Newburgh championed villa and cottage-style houses in the styles that later came to be known as Carpenter Gothic and Picturesque. These were smaller structures, generally frame, that were topped by steeply pitched, often cross-gabled, roofs with decorated cornices that were intended to harmonize with surrounding natural features, giving the impression of a comfortable place to live. His pattern books sold widely and were used for many houses all over the growing nation.</p><br>
<p>Janets descendants called on Downings friend Alexander Jackson Davis to expand and renovate the house into a more classically inspired villa over a period of 20 years. He used curved forms in the balustrades and wings to offset the strong vertical lines of the existing building. The arcaded pavilion makes the veranda common on many mid-19th century houses into a wing of its own. Textures were added to the surface in the abundant decorations, many using floral motifs. All these features link the house more firmly to its surrounding landscape. Davis scholar Jane Davies calls it his finest country house.</p><br>
<p>The farmhouse, too, shows Davis&#39;s variations on a popular Downing pattern, "Bracketed Cottage with Veranda", from the posthumously published The Architecture of Country Houses. Davis updated it to the Italianate style more popular at that time, adding the Palladian-style window.</p><br>
<p>Downings influence can also be seen in Daviss Swiss Cottage. This pattern, widely republished but rarely built, was varied by Davis, who is not known to have built any other such cottages. He added more entrances since it was expected to have multiple tenants, but four of them are disguised as windows. The essential features of Downing&#39;s pattern, such as its floor plan, the low, broad roof; construction into a hillside exposing the basement on one side and multiple galleries and balconies offering views of a nearby stream, remain.</p><br>
<p>The landscapes were inspired by contemporary European trends. The Bartons had followed Edward Livingston to France when he served there and saw many of Europes celebrated gardens. Cora Barton had a full set of copies of Joseph Paxtons The Magazine of Botany sent to her when she moved in. Downing, a friend, visited in 1847 and wrote favorably about the resulting landscapes for his own magazine, The Horticulturist. He praised "the deep and mysterious wood" with "dark, intricate and mazy walks" in the "Wilderness" in the north of the property near the Saw Kill. He called it "the most complete estate in America".</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Great Houses of the Hudson River, Michael Middleton Dwyer, editor, with preface by Mark Rockefeller, Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, published in association with Historic Hudson Valley, 2001.</p><br>
<p>Mount Lebanon Shaker Society, also known as Old Lebanon Shaker Society, was a communal settlement of Shakers in New Lebanon, New York. The early Shaker Ministry, including Joseph Meacham and Lucy Wright, the architects of Shakers&#39; gender-balanced government, lived there.</p><br>
<p>Isaac N. Youngs, the society&#39;s scribe, chronicled the life of that Shaker village for almost half a century. Youngs also designed the schoolhouse built there in 1839.</p><br>
<p>In the 1940s, due to declining membership, the Shakers sold the site to Darrow School. Throughout the subsequent years, the site has been managed by several different owners. Darrow owns what remains of the Church and Center Families, while Shaker Museum Mount Lebanon manages preservation and operates tours of the North Family; the rest of the buildings of remaining Families are privately owned.</p><br>
<p>Holy Mount, where Shaker services were held, has a spur ridge which has been called Mount Lebanon.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>Mount Lebanon&#39;s main building became a National Historic Landmark in 1965.</p><br>
<p>Although the first of the Shaker settlements in the USA was in the Watervliet Shaker Historic District, Mount Lebanon became the leading Shaker society, and was the first to have a building used exclusively for religious purposes. Benson Lossing documented that meetinghouse and a few other buildings when he visited the Shakers in 1856.</p><br>
<p>Mount Lebanon is located where Shaker Rd. merges with Darrow Rd. off US 20 in New Lebanon, New York. The North Family buildings are preserved as the Shaker Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Old Quaker Meeting House is a historic Quaker house of worship located at 137-16 Northern Boulevard, in Flushing, Queens, New York.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Old Quaker Meeting House was built in 1694 as a small frame structure on land acquired in 1692 by John Bowne and John Rodman in Flushing, New York. The first recorded meeting held there was on November 24, 1694. This original structure is now the easterly third of the current structure, which was expanded 1716-1719. According to one source, the original structure was renovated in 1704 and then demolished in 1716. The Flushing meeting house was the second meeting house to be built on Long Island, the first one being built in Oyster Bay in 1672, which no longer stands.</p><br>
<p>The Quakers, coming from the Netherlands, settled in the area in 1657 and meetings were held in people’s homes until the Meeting House was built.</p><br>
<p>The building contains a partition which can be lowered and raised, and separates the men’s from the women’s side. Typically business meetings would be conducted by each group independently, then the partition would be raised for the religious meeting.</p><br>
<h2>Occupation by the Royal Army</h2><br>
<p>During the American Revolutionary War, the Meeting House was seized by the Royal Army and in 1776, converted to a barracks, prison, and hospital for soldiers. After the war, in 1783, the Quakers returned the building to its original use.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark status</h2><br>
<p>According to the National Park Service, the Friends Meeting House in Flushing was designated a landmark in 1967. The Commission reported among their findings that the Friends Meeting house “has a special character, special historical and aesthetic interest and value as part of the development, heritage and cultural characteristics of New York City.” Further, the Commission noted that it is the oldest place of worship still standing in the city and is an example of medieval architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Renovations/repairs</h2><br>
<p>In 1976, repairs were recommended to the building that totaled an estimated $70,000. After two and half centuries, the building constructed from solid timbers, suffered from “dry not rot and beetle teeth”. The crew conducted tests to determine the nature of the surface below the Meeting House floor. Since no evidence of significant cultural or archaeological artifacts were found, it was determined that excavation for the stabilization work could continue.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the city allocated $600,000 to complete required repairs to the roof, gutters chimney, window frames, and porch deck, but as of 2006, no repairs were started because the amount of paperwork required. New architectural designs need to be approved by the Landmark Preservation Committee before any work can be done. Although the building requires repairs, it is still open for meetings and Sunday School.</p><br>
<h2>Graveyard</h2><br>
<p>In 2012, the Religious Society of Friends said that their graveyard, which contains hundreds of unmarked graves, was dug into by a construction company working on an adjacent lot. The company erected a fence on disputed property and caused an outcry from the Quaker community about graves that may have been disturbed. After the Landmark Preservation Commission threatened a $5,000 fine, the company retreated, although maintained the claim that they did not disturb the grave site. Because of custom at the time, some graves do not display identifying headstones. Rosemary Vietor, vice president of the Bowne House Historical Society said the contested area may have contained the remains of John Bowne and his successive wives. Although an archeological survey, completed in 2010 at the recommendation of the Landmarks Preservation Committee, approved the adjacent lot for construction, the Quaker community still feels that the issue is unresolved. Descendants of the Bowne family have been called upon to help raise awareness of the issue.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>Today, the Quaker Meeting House still serves its original purpose, with meetings for worship taking place every Sunday.</p><br>
<p>Southbury Training School is a large residential facility in the towns of Southbury and Roxbury, Connecticut. It was built in the 1930s as a large state-funded and state-operated residential and habilitative facility for adults with intellectual disabilities. It consists of 125 buildings situated on a campus of 1,600 acre. It independently operates its own power, heat, sewage treatment, water, laundry, fire, ambulance, public safety, building maintenance, transportation and dietary services. It is run by the Connecticut Department of Developmental Services. The facility is listed as an historic district on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Southbury Training School was built in the 1930s as a place to house the intellectually disabled. It is and was self-sufficient from the town of Southbury.</p><br>
<p>In 1976, John Lennon donated his 1970 Oscar statuette for auction to raise money for the school - it netted $600. It was auctioned again in 1992 for $110,000 with a portion of those proceeds going to the school.</p><br>
<p>In 1986, admissions to STS were closed. There was a current population of 1,111. The Department of intellectual disabilities was directed to attempt to place residents in group homes and other such settings.</p><br>
<p>The facility was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>In 1997, STS was prohibited from accepting any new residents. STS had 782 residents remaining.</p><br>
<p>As of 2000, STS maintained a staff of 1,700 people. STS had 696 residents remaining.</p><br>
<p>As of 2001, STS had 639 residents remaining. The average age was 55, and the average resident had been at STS for 43 years. The State intends to continue decreasing the number of residents through placement in other settings and through the death of residents.</p><br>
<h2>Conditions</h2><br>
<p>In 1984, the first major lawsuit regarding the conditions at STS was filed by the United States of America against the State of Connecticut. A consent decree settled the suit in 1986, requiring that the State increase the conditions of both the care and the facilities.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, the United States District Court for the District of New Haven held the State in contempt of the consent decree.</p><br>
<p>In 1997, an order was issued and a special master appointed to oversee the School.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, Governor Rell requested the removal of David Ferleger as special master, also using the opportunity to request the removal of special masters as a whole.</p><br>
<p>Without granting the state a hearing, the federal court rejected the state’s request to end Mr. Ferleger’s work for the court as special master. “As a federally appointed "special master," Ferleger is responsible for making sure Connecticut complies with a 10-year-old USA Department of Justice order to improve conditions at the facility for the mentally retarded. In her ruling, Burns said that the state "pointed to nothing" in Ferleger&#39;s execution of his duties over the past eight years to suggest they were deficient. Hartford Courant, “Ruling Keeps Monitor on Job: State Loses Bid to Remove Training School ‘Special Master’” Colin Poitras, December 15, 2005</p><br>
<p>The state unsuccessfully contested most of the special master’s reports. As one historical summary of the case puts it, “the court ultimately accepted all of the reports.” Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse.</p><br>
<p>“Between July 30, 1997, and February 22, 2006, the Special Master submitted twenty-six status reports, sixty-three topic-specific reports, and numerous other reports, recommendations, and analyses. Based on the docket, it appears that the Special Master addressed (1) individualized planning, (2) community placement policies, (3) abuse and neglect, (4) the rights of persons with disabilities, (5) human rights and behavioral programming reviews, (6) occupational and physical therapy, (7) medical and dental care, (8) dosage benchmarks, (9) physical restraint techniques and standards, (10) mortality investigations, (11) case management and advocacy, (12) quality assurance plans, (13) facility upkeep, safety, and sanitation, (14) transportation, (15) employment of direct care staff, medical professionals, and specialized therapists, and (16) staff development. The defendants contested most of the Special Masters reports, but the court ultimately accepted all of the reports. For instance, on February 22, 2004, the court accepted and adopted the Special Masters report on Southbury&#39;s development of mortality review procedures.” Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse.</p><br>
<p>In the court’s “Order Purging Defendants of Contempt and Ending Active Judicial Oversight,” (March 2006), the court expressed “the gratitude of the Court for his service.” (p. 3), and stated, “Special Master David Ferleger has effectively rendered a great public service in shepherding this process through to its conclusion. He has submitted to the Court twenty-six periodic status reports, sixty-three numbered topic-specific reports, many special reports and recommendations to the parties, and numerous other analyses.” (p. 11). The court concluded that the remedial process had resulted in substantial positive change at Southbury Training School: “The contempt finding has resulted in the reform of Southbury Training School mandated in the Remedial Plan and its associated plans and orders. The remedial process has done much to advance the interests of the residents of Southbury Training School. Ten years ago, this Court found systemic flaws at STS which placed residents at risk of great harm, even death. Today, residents of STS are safer and benefit from a state-of-the- art model of institutional care as Defendants have met the “adequate care” requirements in the Remedial Plan and, in many instances, gone beyond the court-mandated requirements to provide ‘best practices.’” (p. 12). Court Ruling, March 2006, United States v. State of Connecticut. IN 2006, STS was released from judicial oversight.</p><br>
<p>On June 4, 2008, in another lawsuit about Southbury Training School called Messier v. Southbury Training School, the federal court relied on the findings of Special Master Ferleger to find that most of the challenged inadequacies has been remedied under his evaluation process. “In a process of evaluation lasting almost a decade, the Special Master, with the assistance of experts commissioned by him and the parties, measured improvements at STS against the standards set forth in the Court Requirements. Periodically, when the Special Master concluded that the defendants had demonstrated compliance with a particular Court Requirement, he recommended that the court release STS from oversight for that Court Requirement.” Court Ruling, June 4, 2008, Messier v. Southbury Training School.</p><br>
<p>Petrified Sea Gardens, also known as Ritchie Park, is a National Historic Landmark near Saratoga Springs, New York. It preserves an area of ancient stromatolites in a Cambrian rock layer. Stromatolites "were first recognized, discovered, and interpreted in North America" here, on property owned by Robert F. Ritchie, a stonemason and amateur geologist, who detected them in 1922 and opened a park to show them to the public in 1924.</p><br>
<p>Stromatolites, which are marine algae growths, were unknown, and it was a puzzle whether these fossils were organic or inorganic products. James Hall (1811–1898), the first State Paleontologist of New York, identified them as being organic and placed stromatolites in a new genus.</p><br>
<p>Pioneering female paleontologist Winifred Goldring (1888–1971), "who was the fourth State Paleontologist of New York...wrote the most exhaustive study on these ancient stromatolites."</p><br>
<p>The site was a childhood inspiration for Stephen Jay Gould who went on to become "one of the most famous paleontologists of the twentieth century".</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1999,</p><br>
<p>by which date it had already been named a National Natural Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The site was open as an educational site operated by a non-profit, the Friends of Petrified Sea Gardens until 2006. It is currently closed to the public. It is located at 42 Petrified Sea Gardens Road, about 0.5 mile north of N.Y. 29, west of Saratoga Springs, New York.</p><br>
<p>Tucumcari Mountain, once referred to as Tucumcari Peak or Mesa Tucumcari, is a mesa situated just outside Tucumcari, New Mexico.</p><br>
<p>Where the mountain got its name is uncertain. It may have come from the Comanche word "tukamukaru", which means to lie in wait for someone or something to approach. A 1777 burial record mentions a Comanche woman and her child captured in a battle at Cuchuncari, which is believed to be an early version of the name Tucumcari.</p><br>
<p>Pedro Vial referred to the mountain in 1793, while opening a trail between Santa Fe and St. Louis. Captain Randolph B. Marcy led an expedition past it in 1849. The Swiss-American geologist Jules Marcou studied the geology of Tucumcari Mountain in 1853 and claimed that the Tucumcari strata were of Jurassic age. The Texas geologist, Robert T. Hill, visited "Mesa Tucumcari" in 1887 and again in 1891, and eventually concluded that the Tucumcari strata were much younger Cretaceous deposits, not Jurassic as suggested by Marcou. Also in 1891, William F. Cummins of the Geological Survey of Texas studied Tucumcari Mountain and his careful observations of the strata established beyond doubt the Cretaceous age of the Tucumcari beds.</p><br>
<p>The town of Tucumcari was founded in 1901 and, in 1908, took its name—both in real life and in legend—from the mountain. Residents of the town of Tucumcari have painted a hillside letter T on the mountain. A cartoon version of this mountain appears in Cars with RS (for Radiator Springs) substituted for Tucumcaris T&#39;.</p><br>
<p>Vinton School was built as a fourteen-room elementary school in 1908 at 2120 Deer Park Boulevard in the Deer Park neighborhood of Omaha, Nebraska, United States. Designed by Omaha architect Frederick W. Clarke, Vinton School is the earliest and most elaborate example of a Tudor Revival-style school in Omaha. Designated an Omaha Landmark in June 1990, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in November 1989.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>Designed in the Tudor Revival style, the Vinton School was built as a two-story brick structure on a rectangular floor plan. Using a technical system of load-bearing walls to support floors of wood joist construction, the building includes a series of hipped roofs.</p><br>
<p>Rehabilitated into an apartment building in 1990, the building maintains the original exterior features.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s architect, Frederick W. Clarke, was also responsible for designing six other schools in the Omaha Public Schools district, including Tech High.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbois House, also known as the Bernard Brisbois House, is a historic house located on St. Feriole Island in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. Built circa 1840, the stone house is one of the oldest in Wisconsin. While the house was once thought to be built in 1808 by early settler Michael Brisbois, it was actually built by his son after his death. The house is a National Historic Landmark and is now owned by the Wisconsin Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>Appearance</h2><br>
<p>The Brisbois House is two-and-a-half stories tall and built from locally extracted gray limestone. The front facade has five bays, with a central entrance and two pairs of windows on either side. Fluted Doric columns flank the front entrance, and molded trim forms the rest of the doorway; the lightness of these features reflects a Federal influence. A front porch, a later addition, covers the entrance with a pediment supported by columns which match the doorway. A gable roof with chimneys at either end tops the house. A wooden addition was placed on the south side of the house in 1905, replacing a platform which wrapped around that side.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Brisbois House was traditionally thought to have been built in 1808 by Michael Brisbois, an early settler of Prairie du Chien and one of the citys first prominent businessmen. While Brisbois did own the plot of land the house is built on, an investigation led by the Wisconsin Historical Society in the 1950s revealed that the house was built after his 1833 death. According to the investigation, Michaels son Bernard Walter Brisbois most likely built the house for himself and his mother circa 1840. While a building of the house&#39;s style and permanence would have been uncommon in the early 1800s, it fits a pattern of more elaborate homes built for wealthy Prairie du Chien residents of the 1840s. It is one of the most well-crafted extant homes in the city which dates from before 1850, and it is one of the oldest standing stone houses in Wisconsin. The house was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1934, purchased by the Wisconsin Historical Society circa 1955, and designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1960.</p><br>
<p>The original Omaha Public Library building was built in 1891 at 1823 Harney Street in downtown Omaha, Nebraska by renowned architect Thomas Kimball. Designed in the Second Renaissance Revival style, the building was designated an Omaha Landmark in October 1978, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places that same year.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>Similar to the Boston Public Library, the original Omaha Public Library building is the best early Second Renaissance Revival structure in Nebraska. Byron Reed, a pioneer real estate broker in Omaha, donated the site for the building and his collection of books, manuscripts and coins.</p><br>
<p>The library closed on February 16, 1977. It was subsequently renovated as an office building called the "Omaha Library Plaza".</p><br>
<p>The Plumb-Bronson House, also known as the Dr. Oliver Bronson House and Stables, is a historic landmark in Hudson, New York.</p><br>
<p>The house was originally built for Samuel Plumb, who purchased the site in 1811. The construction of the house has been attributed to local builder Barnabas Waterman (1776-1839), but the identity of its architect, if there was one, remains unknown. Alterations and additions to the house were designed by architect Alexander Jackson Davis and constructed in 1839 and 1849 for Dr. Oliver Bronson, who purchased the property in 1838. Davis&#39; work converted the house into an early example of the Hudson River Bracketed style. Dr Bronson was the heir to an affluent banking family and was probably introduced to Davis by his brother in law, Robert Donaldson. The grounds may be an early example of the work of landscape architect Andrew Jackson Downing.</p><br>
<p>Bronson sold the house in 1853. In the twentieth century portions of the property became the site of a girls&#39; school, now used as a prison. The house and its immediate grounds are now leased by Historic Hudson, Inc., who have begun a restoration program.</p><br>
<p>The Plumb-Bronson house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The house was a setting of the 2012 film Bourne Legacy.</p><br>
<p>The Brooklyn Heights Historic District is a historic district that comprises much of the Brooklyn Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City. It was named a National Historic Landmark in January, 1965,</p><br>
<p>The district is bounded by Cadman Plaza West (Old Fulton Street) on the north, the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway on the west, Atlantic Avenue on the south, and an irregular line that partly follows Clinton and Henry Streets on the east. It is of national significance as an early commuter suburb, and as a remarkably well-preserved 19th-century urban streetscape.</p><br>
<p>Grace Episcopal Church, designed by Richard Upjohn, which held its first service in 1848, is in the district, as are Plymouth Church of the Pilgrims, Our Lady of Lebanon Maronite Catholic Cathedral, the First Presbyterian Church, the First Unitarian Congregational Society, the Long Island (Brooklyn) Historical Society, the Heights Casino and Casino Apartments, Packer Collegiate Institute, and St. Ann&#39;s and the Holy Trinity Church, among other historically notable buildings.</p><br>
<p>Planchón-Peteroa is a complex volcano extending in a north-south direction along the border between Argentina and Chile. It consists of volcanoes of various ages with several overlapping calderas. Those include Volcán Planchón, Volcán Peteroa and Volcán Azufre.</p><br>
<p>A partial collapse of the complex about 11,500 years ago produced a major debris avalanche, which followed the course of the Teno River until reaching the Chile Central Valley.</p><br>
<p>Peteroa has a crater lake. Lagunas de Teno lies at the foot of Planchón volcano. In this area also is the Vergara International Pass.</p><br>
<h2>September 6, 2010 eruption</h2><br>
<p>Planchón-Peteroa Volcano erupted on September 6 followed by a stronger eruption on September 18. On September 21, the volcano erupted once again emitting a dark gray plume of ash. As winds cause volcanic ash to blow southeast into Argentina, residents there were warned by authorities to evacuate the nearby areas before Planchón-Peteroa would erupt again.</p><br>
<p>Eva-Liv Island , also known as Eva Island, is the northeasternmost island in Franz Josef Land, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russian Arctic.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area where Eva Island lies was named Hvidtenland (White Land) by Fridtjof Nansen who reached Eva Island&#39;s coast on August 5, 1895 during his polar expedition with Hjalmar Johansen which ended at Franz Josef Land. In his map he drew two islands and he named the largest one to the east Eva Island after his wife Eva Nansen (died in 1907). The "island" to the west, which Nansen reached two days later, was named "Liv Island".</p><br>
<p>This is the point of the Franz Josef Archipelago that Russian navigator Valerian Albanov of the doomed Brusilov expedition was trying to reach when he left the Svyataya Anna with part of the crew. Albanov, however, ended up far to the southwest in Alexandra Land.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Eva Island is roughly rabbit-shaped and its surface is 288 km². The westernmost headland is Cape Kyuv, and the northernmost Cape Mesyatsev. The sea surrounding the island is frozen most of the year.</p><br>
<p>Since the limit of permanent ice crosses Belaya Zemlya, it is often difficult to distinguish between land and sea. However, as the cartography of the Franz Josef Archipelago became more accurate, it became apparent that "Liv Island" was only a peninsula at the western end of Eva Island. Therefore, some maps mention "Eva-Liv Island", a combination of both names. The bay formed by the isthmus area on the northern side is Bukhta Kapriznaya.</p><br>
<h3>Ice domes</h3><br>
<p>Eva Island is totally covered by Kupol Vostok Chetviortyy (Купол Восток Четвёртый), an ice dome reaching 382 m at its summit, which is also the highest point of the island.</p><br>
<p>The Liv Peninsula is covered by a smaller ice dome named Kupol Vostok Tretiy (Купол Восток Третий).</p><br>
<h3>Adjacent Islands</h3><br>
<p>The heavily glacierized group formed by Eva Island and its two adjacent small islands (Freeden and Adelaide) is still known in Russian as Белая Земля (Belaya Zemlya), also meaning "White Land", thus retaining Fridjof Nansen&#39;s original name.</p><br>
<p>Belaya Zemlya is separated from the main Franz Josef group by a 45 km broad strait known as Proliv Severo Vostochnyy. Eva Island is the northernmost of the group.</p><br>
<h4>Adelaide Island</h4><br>
<p>A few miles to the southwest lies small Adelaide Island (Остров Аделаиды), named in honor of Princess Adelheid of Hohenlohe-Langenburg. It is only 2 km in length.</p><br>
<h4>Freeden Island</h4><br>
<p>Freeden Island or Freden Island (Остров Фреден), is a larger oval-shaped island, with a length of 8.2 km. It lies 2.5 km south of Adelaide Island. This island was named after Wilhelm von Freeden, founder of the North German Naval Observatory (Norddeutsche Seewarte).</p><br>
<p>The Paramount Theatre is a Registered Historic Place located at 17 South Street in Middletown, New York, United States. It was built in 1930 in an Art Deco style, a twin to the Paramount Theater in Peekskill, across the Hudson River.</p><br>
<p>Paramount-Publix Corporation (now Paramount Pictures), the builder and original owner, opened the building on June 12 of that year with a celebration that included a parade at noon, a musical performance by the Paramount Symphony Orchestra, and the first movie, The Big Pond, starring Maurice Chevalier and Claudette Colbert at 6 p.m. It was preceded by a newsreel, a short film about Middletown and its citizens, and a welcome film starring Buddy Rogers.</p><br>
<p>Paramount-Publix had to sell the theater after the USA Supreme Court&#39;s 1948 United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. decision, which required the movie studios to divest themselves of their theater chains. ABC, a successor corporation, owned the Paramount until 1973 when it sold it to Hallmark Releasing. After several other owners, it closed five years later. In 1979, the city took title when back taxes went unpaid.</p><br>
<p>Two years later, the Arts Council of Orange County bought it and renovated it into a performing arts center. An apron was added to the stage, and a pavilion on the back of the building provided dressing room space. It was reopened in 1985. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The theatre hosts a variety acts and events, as well as art exhibits, lectures, civic fundraisers, dance recitals, business receptions, school theatre series, performing arts summer camp and some film features.</p><br>
<p>The New York Theater Organ Society installed the Wurlitzer organ from the Clairidge Theater in Montclair, New Jersey. The Paramounts organs original keyboard is now part of the organ at the Orpheum Theater in Phoenix, Arizona.</p><br>
<p>The Scott Glacier is a major glacier, 120 mi long, that drains the East Antarctic Ice Sheet through the Queen Maud Mountains to the Ross Ice Shelf. The Scott Glacier is one of a series of major glaciers flowing across the Transantarctic Mountains, with the Amundsen Glacier to the west and the Leverett and Reedy glaciers to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Scott Glacier originates on the Antarctic Plateau in the vicinity of D&#39;Angelo Bluff and Mount Howe, and descends between the Nilsen Plateau and the mountains of the Watson Escarpment to enter Ross Ice Shelf just west of the Tapley Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The Tapley Mountains, Watson Escarpment, Mount Blackburn, and the La Gorce Mountains bound the Scott Glacier on its eastern margin, while the Karo Hills, Hays Mountains, Faulkner Escarpment, and Rawson Mountains define the western edge of the Scott&#39;s drainage.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Scott Glacier was discovered in December 1929 by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition geological party under Laurence Gould. The Scott Glacier was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after early Antarctic explorer Robert Falcon Scott, who never saw the Scott Glacier but rather ascended the Beardmore Glacier to the west en route to the South Pole in 1911-12. It was first ski traversed in January 1990 by Martyn Williams (Canada, the leader and guide) and Jerry Corr (USA) traveling from the South Pole to the Ross Ice Shelf and then by Mike McDowell (Australia) in 1992, on a ski traverse from the South Pole to the coast. Thus Williams and Corr were the first people to traverse Antarctica under human power as described in the book The Snotsicle Traverse by Jerry Corr.</p><br>
<p>Sturgeons House is a Grade II listed country estate located west of the small village of Writtle in Essex, England. At its height, the estate comprised around 500 acre. However, it currently holds only around 6 acre of ground. The house is currently under renovation, including an extension to the rear of the property. The house, along with the surrounding barns, is an example of an early model farm.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There has been human settlement at the site since 1280, when William Turgis established a farm there. The name Sturgeons derived from the Turgis family-name. The location was chosen upon the discovery of a natural spring in the area.</p><br>
<p>The current house was built in the 1830s in the Georgian style. It was built for William Addy, who spent the greater part of his fortune on the project. Due to ill health, he moved from the property soon after it was finished. The Blythe family then came to own the house and surrounding farmland for almost a hundred years.</p><br>
<p>In the mid 19th century, Sturgeons farm became a leading model farm. The farm&#39;s owners researched and demonstrated improvements in agricultural techniques, efficiency, and building layout. Education, and commitment to improving welfare standards of workers were also aspects of the ideal farm movement. The farm buildings were designed to be beautiful as well as utilitarian - inspired by the ideals of the Enlightenment.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s, Sturgeons farm (including Sturgeons House) was acquired by Writtle College. In recent times, the house has been the home of the Principal of Writtle College. In 2007 the college sold the property as part of its restructuring and modernisation programme. Sturgeons Farm is still retained by the college.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The area is rich in local wildlife. There are small badger and fox populations, along with Reeves&#39;s muntjac; moorhens; pheasants; hares and rabbits. There are also numerous oak, yew and willow trees.</p><br>
<h2>Roman villa speculation</h2><br>
<p>Excavation work in fields to the rear of the house has resulted in Roman pottery and metalware being discovered. Speculation that a Roman villa once existed on the site has yet to be verified.</p><br>
<p>Lake Waramaug is a 656 acre lake occupying parts of the towns of Warren and Washington in Litchfield County, Connecticut, approximately 24 mi north of Danbury. The lake is named after Chief Waramaug, who wintered in the area surrounding Lake Waramaug.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Although natural in origin, the surface elevation of the lake has been raised by a small concrete and masonry dam. The surface area of the lake is approximately 680 acre. The lake has a maximum depth of 40 ft, an average depth of 22 ft, and contains approximately 4.8 e9USgal of water. The lake is fed by Sucker Brook (Lake Waramaug Brook), numerous small streams, and groundwater that enters through the lake bottom. Drainage from Waramaug Lake flows southward into the East Aspetuck River.</p><br>
<p>The bottom materials on steep side slopes of the lake consist primarily of gravel, cobbles, and boulders, whereas the flatter areas consist primarily of sand, mud, and organic muck. The watershed of the lake is 14.4 square miles (9,216 acre). Approximately 74 percent (6,820 acre) of the watershed is forested. Wetlands and water bodies comprise approximately 10 percent (922 acre) of the watershed, while the remaining 16 percent (1,474 acre) of the area is low-density residential housing and commercial and agricultural land.</p><br>
<p>The shoreline development of Lake Waramaug is moderate and includes houses, seasonal cottages, and boat houses, with few commercial establishments. Public access to the lake is available only within Lake Waramaug State Park, which is located at the northwestern end of the lake. Outside park boundaries, the shoreline is privately owned. The park can be reached by taking Route 45 north from Route 202 and turning west onto North Shore Road.</p><br>
<p>An aquatic survey of Waramaug Lake was published in 1987. The survey found aquatic vegetation to be relatively sparse, with only localized growths of emergent and submergent species along the shorelines and shallows of the lake. Aquatic species observed include Robbins pondweed (Potamogeton robbinsii), coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum), white-water lily (Nymphaea odorata), narrow-leaved arrowhead (Sagittaria graminea), yellow-pond lily (Nuphar variegatum), spike rush (Eleocharis sp.), bushy pondweed (Najas flexilis), leafy pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus) and pondweed (Potamogeton gramineus).</p><br>
<p>The fish species observed in Waramaug Lake include largemouth, smallmouth and calico bass; lake and rainbow trout; yellow and white perch; pickerel, alewives, sunfish, and bullheads.</p><br>
<h2>Town of Washington improvements</h2><br>
<p>In 2004, the Town of Washington entered into an agreement with the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection to reconstruct and expand the towns boat launch at Lake Waramaug, and to permit 20 launchings per day by non-residents in exchange for the DEP agreeing not to construct a new boat launch at Lake Waramaug State Park. The agreement limits motor boat traffic on the lake, and requires inspection of all boats for invasive aquatic plant species prior to launching. Plans for the new boat launch were developed in 2006, and the new facility was opened in 2008. In 2010, the Town of Washington separately completed major reconstruction of the adjacent, hitherto forlorn town beach at Lake Waramaug, which may be used only by Washington residents and their guests. New parking areas were constructed, new fencing and landscaping were installed, and a new boathouse with a caretakers apartment was constructed.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Lake Waramaug is a song by goth/synth rock band Deadsy. It appeared on the band&#39;s 2002 album Commencement.</p><br>
<p>Quarters A, Brooklyn Navy Yard is a three story federal style residence house of the commander Mathew C. Perry of the Brooklyn Navy Yard. It was built between 1805 and 1806. Quarter A is currently located in the Vineger hill part of Brooklyn. The current address is 24 Evans Street in Brooklyn, NY. It was home to Commodore Matthew C. Perry at the time of his opening of Japan. Contrary to a popular misconception, Quarters A is not located on Admirals Row; it is actually located in Vinegar Hill, Brooklyn, New York. Perry occupied the quarter between 1833 and 1834.The house is now privately owned and not open to the public. The home is visible through iron gates on Evan street. Quarters A is surrounded by sharp fence drop-off into the Brooklyn Navy Yard, along with a long seven foot- high wall with a high iron locked gate. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974.The current owners of the Commandants House are Charles Gilbert and Jennifer Jones, who purchased it in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Bartlett Pond is a 33 acre pond in the Manomet section of Plymouth, Massachusetts. The inflow of the pond is Beaver Dam Brook, and the outflow is an unnamed river that empties into Cape Cod Bay. White Horse Beach nearly surrounds the pond, lying to the southwest, west and north. Manomet Heights lies on the eastern shore.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Bartlett Pond has water depths of slightly over a meter. The bottom of the pond is made up of fine silt and clay muds with large cobbles, clasts and boulders in some places left behind by the retreat of the glaciers. In a study conducted by University of Massachusetts-Amherst in 2013 and again in 2014, X-ray fluorescence data shows slightly higher abundance of lead and zinc within the upper 50 centimeters of sediment cores taken out of the pond. These elements are common in the shallowest sediments of many ponds throughout the Northeast US, left behind by industrial pollution and leaded gas emissions.</p><br>
<p>The elements strontium and calcium are associated with seawater, sand, and small fragments of shells and reefs washed ashore during large storms. X-ray fluorescence shows spikes in both elements at certain points associated with layers of sand in the mud. These sand layers may be storm overwash from hurricanes in Massachusetts Bay over the past 700 years.</p><br>
<p>Santa Fé de Toloca  was a Spanish mission that existed near the Santa Fe River in the northwestern part of what is now Alachua County, Florida, United States during the 17th century. It became an important place on the camino real  connecting St. Augustine with Apalachee Province, which was centered on the site of present-day Tallahassee, Florida. The site that the Santa Fé mission occupied in the first half of the 17th century was partially excavated in the 1980s.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mission of Santa Fé de Toloca was established around 1610 or 1612, as Franciscan missionaries prepared to expand into territory north and west of the Santa Fe River. The mission probably was founded by the Franciscan Father Martín Prieto, who had established the nearby San Francisco de Potano mission. Like other Spanish missions in Florida, Santa Fé de Toloca would have been established in or near an existing Timucua village, belonging either to the Potano or the Northern Utina tribe. A village site next to the mission archeological site may have been Cholupaha, visited by the de Soto Expedition in 1539.</p><br>
<p>As with other Timucua villages that became part of the Spanish mission system in Florida, the Indians of Santa Fé were greatly affected by epidemics, including bubonic plague in 1613-1617, yellow fever in 1649, smallpox in 1653 and measles in 1659. The Timucua Indians, which may have numbered 200,000 before their first contact with Europeans, were reduced from a population of 20,000 to 25,000 late in the 16th century to about 2,000 to 2,500 by the middle of the 17th century. After a rebellion by the Western Timucua in 1656, the Spanish hanged a number of the Indian leaders, including the village chief of Santa Fé. The original mission site was abandoned sometime around the middle of the 17th century, probably after the Timucuan rebellion, and the mission was moved to a new, currently unknown, location.</p><br>
<p>St. Augustine was dependent on food and other agricultural products from the missions, and on labor crews brought from the missions to the city. Timucua Province had originally stretched from the Atlantic coast westward to the border with Apalachee Province at the Aucilla River, and from what is now Marion County and the north end of Lake George on the St. Johns River northward into southern Georgia as far as the Altamaha River. As the Indian population closer to St. Augustine declined, the Spanish became increasingly dependent on corn and other agricultural supplies from Apalachee. Products from Apalachee reached St. Augustine by three different routes. One was completely overland, with Indians carrying everything on their backs, passing through Santa Fé. Products could also be taken to St. Marks on the Gulf of Mexico coast south of Apalchee, then carried by boat to Cofa at the mouth of the Suwannee River, thence up the Suwannee and Santa Fe Rivers to where the Santa Fe rose from its underground portion (at present-day River Rise Preserve State Park, near the Santa Fé mission), and then overland the rest of the way to St. Augustine. Finally, products could be carried by boat from St. Marks around the Florida peninsula to St. Augustine, bypassing all of the camino real, including the Santa Fé mission.</p><br>
<p>After the Timucua rebellion of 1656, a number of missions were closed, and others were relocated closer to the camino real connecting St. Augustine to Apalachee Province. The remaining Timucua Indians were gathered into the relocated missions, which became waystations along the camino real. Gabriel Diaz Vara Calderón, Bishop of Cuba, who visited the Florida missions in 1674-75, described Santa Fe de Toloca as the principal Timucuan mission. More epidemics struck the relocated village in 1675 and 1686. Indians from other tribes were resettled in the village during the second half of the century. The village and mission were abandoned after English soldiers from the Province of Carolina and their Indian allies burned the village and the mission church on May 20, 1702, despite the defense offered by a small Spanish garrison and the local Indian militia.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological site</h2><br>
<p>The site (8AL190) that is now identified as the mission of Santa Fé de Toloca is located in the Robinson Sinks area of northwestern Alachua County, near where the Santa Fe River "sinks" to become a subterranean river in present-day OLeno State Park. It was first investigated by a local family in the first half of the 20th century. A member of the family, J. C. Simpson, showed the site to University of Florida archaeologist John Goggin sometime around 1950. Goggins students investigated the site, along with many others in the area, in the 1950s, but did not recognize it as a mission. An in-depth investigation led by Kenneth W. Johnson began in 1986. Originally thought to be a 17th-century farmstead or hamlet, the site was eventually recognized as a Spanish mission and, based on documentary evidence, identified as Santa Fé de Toloca.</p><br>
<p>The site of Santa Fé de Toloca was investigated by non-invasive testing, such as metal detectors, soil resistivity and remote sensing, surface collection and excavation. Plowing had destroyed some features of the site. Several possible structures were identified, as well as the old Spanish road, or camino real, a north-south road, known as the "Santa Fé Trail" and a cemetery (also one of the possible structures).</p><br>
<p>One structure was a rectangle approximately 8 m by 16 m in size. There appear to have been two different buildings on this location, both constructed in the first half of the 17th century, with one possibly oriented slightly differently from the other, but generally northwest to southeast. This was interpreted as an original building being refurbished or replaced by a later building on the same site. The structure had a hard-packed sandy clay floor, with a roof supported by posts. There is little evidence of walls, although small pieces of fired clay may represent chinking in a wattle or board wall. This structure was smaller than the church buildings typically found at other missions in Florida, but may have been a chapel or the convento (priest&#39;s house).</p><br>
<p>A second structure 16 to 20 m west of the first was smaller, about 4 m by 5 m in size. It had a red clay floor, and there may have been a clay wall forming a courtyard around the structure. A hearth at the south end of the structure showed evidence that it had been used as a smudge fire (used to keep mosquitoes away), rather than for cooking. This structure may have been the convento.</p><br>
<p>A third structure is less clearly understood. An area of clay, ashes and charcoal may be from the floor of a structure, or simply where debris was dumped. The location is just inside where remote sensing indicates that an old north-south road, the Sante Fé Trail, appears to fork into two parts that pass around either side of the mission. Johnson speculates that this possible structure was a gatehouse for the mission compound.</p><br>
<p>A cemetery held a number of burials. Post holes and the number of spikes and nails found in the cemetery indicate some type of structure stood over it. This may have been the church (burials were commonly made in the floor of a church at other missions), or an open pavilion covering the cemetery. The full size of the cemetery is unknown, but it appears to extend under a modern road. While only 18 burial pits were positively identified in the cemetery, the size of the cemetery from site observation and remote sensing yielded an estimated capacity of 180 to 320 burials.</p><br>
<p>A fifth structure was about 16 m by 28 m, and appears to have had a hearth at each end. Johnson suggests that it was a dormitory or barracks. A sixth structure 5 m from the fifth one was about 20 m by 22m, but its use is not clear. These last two structures had wattle and daub walls, a type of construction for which there is no evidence for the previous structures. Other known sites immediately adjacent to, or within 0.5 km of, the Santa Fé site may also be part of the mission or of the village which it served.</p><br>
<p>The Woodbury County Courthouse is located at 620 Douglas Street in Sioux City, the county seat of Woodbury County, Iowa. It is regarded as "one of the finest Prairie School buildings in the United States" and has been declared a National Historic Landmark for its architecture. It is used for legal proceedings in the county.</p><br>
<h2>First courthouse</h2><br>
<p>Though Sioux City was made the county seat in 1858, the first permanent Woodbury County courthouse was not finished until 1878. It was designed by Des Moines architect William L. Foster and built by brothers Charles E. Hedges and Daniel T. Hedges for $75,000.</p><br>
<h2>Second courthouse</h2><br>
<p>In 1914, the county determined that the courthouse was too small for the city and they decided to build a new one. The old courthouse was sold and the new one, designed by the Minneapolis architect George Grant Elmslie in collaboration with the Sioux City architect William L. Steele and Elmslie&#39;s partner, William Gray Purcell, was constructed from July 10, 1916 to March 1, 1918 at a cost of $850,000. This building is the current courthouse, located at the southeast corner of Douglas and Seventh Streets. It is a nearly square four story structure, built out of Roman brick, with granite and terra cotta trim elements. It has a 157 ft eight-story tower, and features sculptural work by Alfonso Iannelli over its doors. The northern entrance features metal grillwork designed by Elmslie. The interior floors are marble, and the central rotunda features a glass mosaic drinking fountain in one wall. The interior murals were painted by John Norton of Chicago.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin Van Keuren House Ruin is located at the corner of Bruyn Turnpike and Benjamin van Keuren Drive in the western portion of the Town of Shawangunk, in Ulster County, New York, United States. It was the site of the house built in 1745 by Van Keuren and his wife Sarah, early settlers of the area. He would later be elected town supervisor four times and serve in the 4th Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<p>Today only the foundation stones remain, on a slight rise at the edge of a nearby woodlot, after the building burned down. The town has honored Van Keuren and his role in its history by naming the street after him when houses were built on it recently, and putting a commemorative plaque on the nearby pillar. In 2000 the site was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Inspiration Peak is the highest peak of the Leaf Hills Moraines and of Otter Tail County in the USA State of Minnesota. It is 22 miles  northwest of Alexandria. The peak rises about 400 feet  above the surrounding plains, to an elevation of about 1750 feet  above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The conical-shaped hill is a kame formed atop the Alexandria Moraine, a terminal moraine left by the Wadena and Des Moines lobes of the Wisconsonian glaciation. It is on the boundary between the deciduous forest to the east and prairie to the west. In fact both biomes are present on the hill; its foot is covered with a predominantly oak forest, while its open upper reaches have prairie species such as pasqueflower, blazing star, asters, and goldenrod.</p><br>
<p>Author Sinclair Lewis, a native of nearby Sauk Centre, Minnesota, said of Inspiration Peak, "there&#39;s to be seen a glorious 20-mile circle of some 50 lakes scattered among fields and pastures, like sequins fallen on an old Paisley shawl."</p><br>
<p>Wesleyan Hall, constructed in 1856, is one of the oldest structures on the University of North Alabama campus, located in Florence, Alabama.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>With its distinctive towers, Wesleyan Hall also is considered one of the most eminent landmarks in North Alabama. The Gothic Revival structure was designed to serve LaGrange College when this Methodist institution relocated from Franklin to Lauderdale county and subsequently was renamed and rechartered as Florence Wesleyan University.</p><br>
<p>In 1856, the year the structure was completed, a President&#39;s Report showed an enrollment of 180 students. The fledgling university peaked at 225 students in the early 1860s, shortly before the outbreak of the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>During the war, Wesleyan Hall was occupied by both Union and Confederate armies.</p><br>
<p>Following the war, Dr. Septimus Rice was the University&#39;s sole instructor, teaching classes in the Preparatory School and holding college-level courses in Wesleyan Hall. Despite a prolonged effort by the new Wesleyan University president, Dr. William H. Anderson, the institution continued to founder, and in 1871, the doors of Wesleyan Hall were closed.</p><br>
<p>During this period, the halls of Wesleyan remained unheated, so stoves were used to warm classrooms, while coal oil lamps were employed for lighting. Because of the initially small enrollment, the upper floors were used as dormitories.</p><br>
<p>A dilapidated white-washed board fence stood along the perimeter of the Wesleyan grounds to prevent livestock owned by nearby townspeople from wandering onto campus. On the south side of the structure in a similar state of disrepair stood a number of old stables used to quarter horses of local country boys attending the school. A large cistern in the rear of the Wesleyan supplied the school&#39;s water supply.</p><br>
<p>At the turn of the 20th century, the 45-year-old structure remained the only building owned by the school. The exterior of the building had changed little since its construction in 1856, bearing the same castle-like towers, battlements and top-floor observatory. Likewise, the campus adjoining Wesleyan encompassed only the original 12 acre.</p><br>
<p>A three-story building finally was added in 1909 to accommodate increased enrollment and became known as Wesleyan Annex.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Now part of the 130 acre University of North Alabama campus, Wesleyan Hall currently contains the office of the Dean of Arts and Sciences, as well as of the departments of Geography, Psychology, and Foreign Languages. It also houses the Geographic Research Center, a cartography lab, and a language lab.</p><br>
<p>The Department of Military Science is located in Wesleyan Annex.</p><br>
<p>Wesleyan also houses personal effects and mementoes of former Alabama Supreme Court Chief Justice and USA Senator Howell Heflin, a native of nearby Tuscumbia. The building is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Wesleyan Bell and Tower</h2><br>
<p>Adjacent to Wesleyan Hall in a specially constructed tower is the Wesleyan Bell, which tolled regularly throughout the last quarter of the 19th century to summon Florence Normal School students to class. Sometime around 1910, the bell was removed from Wesleyan Hall and stored. Rediscovered after the passage of almost a century in 2002, the 130-year-old Wesleyan Bell finally was restored to a prominent place on campus following construction of the Smith Bell Tower in 2004.</p><br>
